英语报刊的句子结构和行文程式也与众不同。新闻报道中常采用一种“扩展的简单句”(expanded simple sentence),不仅可以使读者思路清晰，也便于记者将事实交待清楚。新闻报道多使用主动语态，因 为用主动语态叙事可给读者一种“直接感”(directness),使叙事达到无可置疑的“直言不讳的效果”。另 外，新闻报道还广泛使用直接引语和间接引语，目的是使报道具有“最大限度的客观性”(maximum 26 objectivity),使读者确信记者在报道中并未掺杂个人观点. 不论是新闻报道、新闻分析或新闻特写，都要求保持新闻的客观性，要求撰稿者排除个人感情和倾向性」 因此新闻文体要求用平易的英语(plain English),忌用夸张的形容词、副词，忌用激情的语句，极少使用 感叹句和析使句。随着新闻媒体的日益发展，近几年来报刊报道的行文越来越接近谈话体，以适应口语化 的广播电视稿的需要。 二、新闻文体的翻译 面对题材范围十分广泛的新闻报刊材料，翻译者应该力求准确地译出各行业使用的词语。对于新闻文 体中所出现的新词，翻译时不可望文生义，要设法寻找其理据。实在找不到出处时，可采取试译加原文的 办法处理。结构松散但意义尚明了的词句，翻译时则重内容而不必拘泥于语言形式：如果语句松散而意义 又含混不清，则可直译加注的方法，告诉读者“原文如此”。 英语新闻文体属于通用英语的范畴，因此新闻报道的汉语译文不宜太雅或太俗。虽然英美新闻报道有 接受谈话体的趋势，但它毕竟与口语体英语有着明显的区别。现代汉语新闻文体应该是我们翻译英语文体 的准绳。一般说来，各类新闻体裁的作品都以提供“事实”或“消息”为主要目的，故不应带有激情的词 语。译者应密切注意原文的语调，避免使用感叹句，忌用汉语祈使句，除非原文中有此类句子。任何情况 下译者都不应在译文中掺杂自己的情感，不应有出于译者感情的讥笑、嘲讽等词语。 第一课人物介绍
26 英语报刊的句子结构和行文程式也与众不同。新闻报道中常采用一种“扩展的简单句”（expanded simple sentence），不仅可以使读者思路清晰，也便于记者将事实交待清楚。新闻报道多使用主动语态，因 为用主动语态叙事可给读者一种“直接感”（directness），使叙事达到无可置疑的“直言不讳的效果”。另 外，新闻报道还广泛使用直接引语和间接引语，目的是使报道具有“最大限度的客观性”（maximum objectivity），使读者确信记者在报道中并未掺杂个人观点。 不论是新闻报道、新闻分析或新闻特写，都要求保持新闻的客观性，要求撰稿者排除个人感情和倾向性。 因此新闻文体要求用平易的英语（plain English），忌用夸张的形容词、副词，忌用激情的语句，极少使用 感叹句和祈使句。随着新闻媒体的日益发展，近几年来报刊报道的行文越来越接近谈话体，以适应口语化 的广播电视稿的需要。 二、新闻文体的翻译 面对题材范围十分广泛的新闻报刊材料，翻译者应该力求准确地译出各行业使用的词语。对于新闻文 体中所出现的新词，翻译时不可望文生义，要设法寻找其理据。 实在找不到出处时，可采取试译加原文的 办法处理。结构松散但意义尚明了的词句，翻译时则重内容而不必拘泥于语言形式；如果语句松散而意义 又含混不清，则可 直译加注的方法，告诉读者“原文如此”。 英语新闻文体属于通用英语的范畴，因此新闻报道的汉语译文不宜太雅或太俗。虽然英美新闻报道有 接受谈话体的趋势，但它毕竟与口语体英语有着明显的区别。现 代汉语新闻文体应该是我们翻译英语文体 的准绳。一般说来，各类新闻体裁的作品都以提供“事实”或“消息”为主要目的，故不应带有激情的词 语。译者应密切注 意原文的语调，避免使用感叹句，忌用汉语祈使句，除非原文中有此类句子。任何情况 下译者都不应在译文中掺杂自己的情感，不应有出于译者感情的讥笑、嘲讽等 词语。 第一课 人物介绍
翻译技巧知识讲座 L.Diversities of word meanings in semantic scopes between English and Chinese(英汉语词汇语义范 围的差异) 27 1)The semantic scope of some proper nouns or terms in science may be the same as their corresponding Chinese words. George Washington=乔治·华盛顿/the United Nations=联合国/Marxism=马克思主义/carbon dioxide=二氧化碳/the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国 2)The semantic scope of an English word may be smaller(narrower)than its corresponding Chinese word. pen<笔/say<说/ten thousand<万/university<大学 万般all the different kinds/万恶absolutely vicious/万分extremely/万古through the ages/思绪万千 myriads(无数)of thoughts welling up in one's mind/万全之策a complete safe plan/万人空巷The whole town turns out./万事大吉Everything is just fine./万寿无疆a long,long life/万无-失no danger of anything going wrong/万众一心millions of people all of one mind/万紫千红Flowers of all sorts are blooming in a riot of colour. 说干就干act without delay/说公道话be fair to sb./说话不算go back on one's word/说明来意 make clear what one has come for/说走了嘴make a slip of the tongue/说来话长It's a long story. 3)The semantic scope of an English word may be larger (broader)than its corresponding Chinese word president>总统/queen>皇后/straight>笔直/ki>杀死 the queen of beauty绝代佳人/a queen of hearts美女/queen size次特大号/Venice,the queen of the Adriatic威尼斯一一亚得里亚海岸的一颗明珠
27 一、翻译技巧知识讲座 1． Diversities of word meanings in semantic scopes between English and Chinese（英汉语词汇语义范 围的差异） 1) The semantic scope of some proper nouns or terms in science may be the same as their corresponding Chinese words. George Washington =乔治·华盛顿/ the United Nations =联合国/ Marxism =马克思主义/ carbon dioxide =二氧化碳/ the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 2) The semantic scope of an English word may be smaller (narrower) than its corresponding Chinese word. pen <笔/ say <说/ ten thousand <万 / university<大学 万般 all the different kinds /万恶 absolutely vicious /万分 extremely /万古 through the ages /思绪万千 myriads（无数）of thoughts welling up in one's mind /万全之策 a complete safe plan /万人空巷 The whole town turns out. /万事大吉 Everything is just fine. /万寿无疆 a long, long life /万无一失 no danger of anything going wrong /万众一心 millions of people all of one mind /万紫千红 Flowers of all sorts are blooming in a riot of colour. 说干就干 act without delay /说公道话 be fair to sb. /说话不算 go back on one's words /说明来意 make clear what one has come for /说走了嘴 make a slip of the tongue /说来话长 It's a long story. 3) The semantic scope of an English word may be larger (broader) than its corresponding Chinese word. president >总统/ queen >皇后/ straight >笔直/ kill >杀死 the queen of beauty 绝代佳人/ a queen of hearts 美女/ queen size 次特大号/ Venice, the queen of the Adriatic 威尼斯――亚得里亚海岸的一颗明珠
Put your room straight.把你的房间整理好。/He is a straight thinker.他的思路很有条理。/They gave us a straight answer.他们坦率地回答了我们。/She keeps straight.她品行端正。/to see the record straight 打开天窗说亮话/to vote the straight tickets投清一色的选票/The accounts are straight.账目清楚。 The Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.在那场战争中，日本军队屠杀了 28 成百上千万无辜的平民。/Three men were killed in the accident.有三名男子在事故中丧生（遇难）。/he engine was killed by the flood.汽车发动机因大水而熄火。/Your joke nearly killed me.你的笑话真是逗死 人。/m reading this book just to kill time.我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。 4)The semantic scope of an English word may be either larger or smaller than its corresponding Chinese word. State and Revolution《国家与革命》/state capitalism国家资本主义/police state警察国家 State of the Union Message国情咨文/to lie in state(遗体)供瞻仰/the state of war战争状态/the largest state in the US美国最大的州/be in a state1)凌乱，不整洁2)焦急，紧张不安/超级大国 super-.powers/发展中国家developing countries/惶亲国戚the king's relatives/国色（天香）a great beauty /国不忌君，殆其失国。When a king is not feared by his subjects,.his rule will be doomed./国将不国，何 以为家。When our fatherland is in great danger,.there is no use to talk about sweet home. he Book圣经/a book maker登记赌注的人/a book of matches一盒火柴」the visitors book来客登 记簿/to keep books记账/be at one's books埋头功课/insb.'s good book受宠于某人/Economics is a good book to me.我对经济学一窍不通。/Her face was an open book.她心里有什么事都会在脸上表现出 来。/They threw the books at him.他们把罪名往他身上推。/They tries every trick in the book to win the election.他们施展了浑身解数来夺取选举的胜利。/∥书画calligraphy and painting/家书a letter from home /個书credential/说书story telling/书香之家aliterary family/书生之见a scholastic,.pedantic view/书不 尽言I cannot write all I have to say./尽信书不如无书Better not to read at all than to believe all one reads. to beat a new path开辟新路/to beat about the bush说话不直截了当/That beats me.真把我难住了。/
28 Put your room straight.把你的房间整理好。/ He is a straight thinker.他的思路很有条理。/ They gave us a straight answer.他们坦率地回答了我们。/ She keeps straight.她品行端正。/ to see the record straight 打开天窗说亮话/ to vote the straight tickets 投清一色的选票/ The accounts are straight.账目清楚。 The Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.在那场战争中，日本军队屠杀了 成百上千万无辜的平民。/ Three men were killed in the accident.有三名男子在事故中丧生（遇难）。/ The engine was killed by the flood.汽车发动机因大水而熄火。/ Your joke nearly killed me.你的笑话真是逗死 人。/ I'm reading this book just to kill time.我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。 4) The semantic scope of an English word may be either larger or smaller than its corresponding Chinese word. State and Revolution《国家与革命》/ state capitalism 国家资本主义 / police state 警察国家 State of the Union Message 国情咨文/ to lie in state（遗体）供瞻仰/ the state of war 战争状态/ the largest state in the US 美国最大的州/ be in a state 1)凌乱，不整洁 2)焦急，紧张不安//超级大国 super-powers /发展中国家 developing countries /皇亲国戚 the king's relatives /国色（天香）a great beauty /国不忌君，殆其失国。When a king is not feared by his subjects, his rule will be doomed. /国将不国，何 以为家。When our fatherland is in great danger, there is no use to talk about sweet home. the Book 圣经/ a book maker 登记赌注的人 / a book of matches 一盒火柴/ the visitors book 来客登 记簿/ to keep books 记账 / be at one's books 埋头功课/ in sb.'s good book 受宠于某人/ Economics is a good book to me.我对经济学一窍不通。/ Her face was an open book.她心里有什么事都会在脸上表现出 来。/ They threw the books at him.他们把罪名往他身上推。/ They tries every trick in the book to win the election.他们施展了浑身解数来夺取选举的胜利。//书画 calligraphy and painting /家书 a letter from home /国书 credential /说书 story telling /书香之家 a literary family /书生之见 a scholastic, pedantic view /书不 尽言 I cannot write all I have to say. /尽信书不如无书 Better not to read at all than to believe all one reads. to beat a new path 开辟新路/ to beat about the bush 说话不直截了当/ That beats me.真把我难住了。/
He was cursing to beat the hand.他骂了个痛快淋漓。/The old man's heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.那位老人看到这颗珍珠高兴得心里秤怦乱跳。/灯柴to cut wood打猎to go hunting灯毛衣to knit a sweater/打票to buy a ticket/打水to fetch water/打电话to call up,to make a phone call/打官司to get into a lawsuit/打赌to bet/打短工to work as a casual laborer/打靶shooting practice/打行李to pack one's 29 luggage/打铁to strike the iron to play a joke开玩笑/to play basketball打篮球/to play cards打牌/to play chess下棋/to play football踢足球/to play Hamlet扮演哈姆雷特/to play the piano弹钢琴/to play the violin拉小提琴 开汽车to drive a car/开会to hold a meeting/开火to open fire/开价to offer a price/开灯to turn on the light/开门to open the door/开（门）锁to unlock a door开收音机to turn on a radio开船to start a boat /开机器to run a machine. 5)Synonyms with different shades of meanings(近义词含义的差别) anger愤怒，指一般的愤慨、不满或怨恨情绪/indignation义愤，指遇到不公、欺侮时所表示的愤 慨情绪/rge大怒，气愤到了几乎不能自制的程度/fury狂怒，气得发疯/wra曲盛怒，愤怒到了要报 复的程度 augh大笑，笑得合不拢嘴/smile微笑，面带喜色/beam微笑，喜形于色地笑/chuckle轻声地笑， 窃窃自笑/giggle咯咯笑，傻笑 brave勇敢，指不怕困难，不怕危险的行为/courageous勇敢，有胆量，具有一往无前的大无畏 精神/fearless不惧怕，心里没有害怕的感觉/bold大胆，有勇气，带有莽撞的含义/audacious大胆， 具有冒险精神，也有葬撞、放肆的含义/valiant英勇，体现出英雄本色 He is no scholar.他根本不是学者。/He is not a scholar.他不是学者。∥She is no fool.她绝对不傻。/ She is not a fool.她不是傻子。 6)Analyze the following sentences and try to improve them: ①John Foster Dulles was an internationalist.约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯是个国际主义者。（美国人的
29 He was cursing to beat the hand.他骂了个痛快淋漓。/ The old man's heart missed a beat when he saw the pearl.那位老人看到这颗珍珠高兴得心里怦怦乱跳。//打柴 to cut wood /打猎 to go hunting /打毛衣 to knit a sweater /打票 to buy a ticket /打水 to fetch water /打电话 to call up; to make a phone call /打官司 to get into a lawsuit /打赌 to bet /打短工 to work as a casual laborer /打靶 shooting practice /打行李 to pack one's luggage /打铁 to strike the iron. to play a joke 开玩笑/ to play basketball 打篮球/ to play cards 打牌 / to play chess 下棋/ to play football 踢足球/ to play Hamlet 扮演哈姆雷特 / to play the piano 弹钢琴/ to play the violin 拉小提琴 开汽车 to drive a car /开会 to hold a meeting /开火 to open fire /开价 to offer a price /开灯 to turn on the light /开门 to open the door /开（门）锁 to unlock a door /开收音机 to turn on a radio /开船 to start a boat /开机器 to run a machine. 5) Synonyms with different shades of meanings（近义词含义的差别） anger 愤怒，指一般的愤慨、不满或怨恨情绪/ indignation 义愤，指遇到不公、欺侮时所表示的愤 慨情绪 / rage 大怒，气愤到了几乎不能自制的程度 / fury 狂怒，气得发疯/ wrath 盛怒，愤怒到了要报 复的程度 laugh 大笑，笑得合不拢嘴/ smile 微笑，面带喜色/ beam 微笑，喜形于色地笑/ chuckle 轻声地笑， 窃窃自笑 / giggle 咯咯笑，傻笑 brave 勇敢，指不怕困难，不怕危险的行为 / courageous 勇敢，有胆量，具有一往无前的大无畏 精神 / fearless 不惧怕，心里没有害怕的感觉 / bold 大胆，有勇气，带有莽撞的含义/ audacious 大胆， 具有冒险精神，也有莽撞、放肆的含义 / valiant 英勇，体现出英雄本色 He is no scholar.他根本不是学者。/ He is not a scholar.他不是学者。// She is no fool.她绝对不傻。/ She is not a fool.她不是傻子。 6) Analyze the following sentences and try to improve them: ① John Foster Dulles was an internationalist.约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯是个国际主义者。（美国人的
internationalist表示“国际派”，指反对孤立主义的人，与汉语中的“国际主义者”是两回事) ②They have a general policy against public attribution.他们有一个总政策反对公开来源。（汉语中 “政策”两字是很严肃的，而英语中po©y却用得很随便，应改为“他们的一般做法是不允许人们公 开引用消息来源”) 30 ③It must be a terrific ego trip.He can't help but think people are for him这一定是一次可怕的自我 陶醉的旅行。他必然认为人们都是支持他的。(terrific应译作“地道的，极好的”：ego trip意为“追 逐名利，自我表现”，应改为“那一定是一次极好的自我表现的机会，他禁不住想人们是会支持他 的。”) ④She put five dollars in my hand,"You have been a great man today."她把五美元放在我的手里， 并说：“你今天是个伟大的人。”（她把五美元放在我手里，说：“你今天表现得很好（真棒）。”) 5He told his hearers that if the people were attacked by the policemen,the consequences must fall on the heads of the aggressors,他对听众说，如果人民受到警察的袭击，其后果一定会落到侵略者的头上. (“侵略者”应改为“挑衅者”) ©Every president,.I am sure,leaves the White House poorer than he was when he went in.我相信，每 一位总统在离开白宫时总要比他刚进白宫时贫穷。(“贫穷”应改为“他的财产总是比刚进白宫时少 了”) You are lucky to have got off with a caution;most policemen would have brought you to book. 很幸运，只是挨了警告，要是换了别的警察，准会把你给记下来。(bring sb to book表示“对某人进行 申斥”) ⑧These constant changes in the weather beats me.天气的这些不断变化击败了我。（这儿的天气变 化无常，我真受不了。) ⑨Walt Whitman,too,scored the materialism of the age.华尔特·惠特曼也讽刺了当时的唯物主 义。（华尔特·惠特曼也谴责了当时的贪图物质利益的风气。）
30 internationalist 表示“国际派”，指反对孤立主义的人，与汉语中的“国际主义者”是两回事） ②They have a general policy against public attribution.他们有一个总政策反对公开来源。（汉语中 “政策”两字是很严肃的，而英语中 policy 却用得很随便，应改为“他们的一般做法是不允许人们公 开引用消息来源”） ③ It must be a terrific ego trip. He can't help but think people are for him.这一定是一次可怕的自我 陶醉的旅行。他必然认为人们都是支持他的。（terrific 应译作“地道的，极好的”；ego trip 意为“追 逐名利，自我表现”，应改为“那一定是一次极好的自我表现的机会，他禁不住想人们是会支持他 的。”） ④ She put five dollars in my hand, "You have been a great man today."她把五美元放在我的手里， 并说：“你今天是个伟大的人。”（她把五美元放在我手里，说：“你今天表现得很好（真棒）。”） ⑤ He told his hearers that if the people were attacked by the policemen, the consequences must fall on the heads of the aggressors.他对听众说，如果人民受到警察的袭击，其后果一定会落到侵略者的头上。 （“侵略者”应改为“挑衅者”） ⑥ Every president, I am sure, leaves the White House poorer than he was when he went in.我相信，每 一位总统在离开白宫时总要比他刚进白宫时贫穷。（“贫穷”应改为“他的财产总是比刚进白宫时少 了”） ⑦You are lucky to have got off with a caution; most policemen would have brought you to book.你 很幸运，只是挨了警告，要是换了别的警察，准会把你给记下来。（bring sb to book 表示“对某人进行 申斥”） ⑧ These constant changes in the weather beats me.天气的这些不断变化击败了我。（这儿的天气变 化无常，我真受不了。） ⑨Walt Whitman, too, scored the materialism of the age.华尔特·惠特曼也讽刺了当时的唯物主 义。（华尔特·惠特曼也谴责了当时的贪图物质利益的风气。）