POCH-c CH Organic Chemistry,7th Edition COOH L.G.Wade,Jr. Chapter 21 Part 1:Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Copyright 2010 Pearson Education,Inc
Chapter 21 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Organic Chemistry, 7th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Part 1: Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Acid Derivatives R-C-X R& 0-R R-C-NH R-CN acid halide anhydride ester amide nitrile Condensed structure:RCOX (RCO)O RCO,R' RCONH, RCN Copyright2010 Pearson Prentice Hall,Inc. All the derivatives can be converted to the carboxylic acid by acidic or basic hydrolysis Esters and amides are commonly found in nature. Chapter 21 2
Chapter 21 2 Acid Derivatives ▪ All the derivatives can be converted to the carboxylic acid by acidic or basic hydrolysis. ▪ Esters and amides are commonly found in nature
Esters from Carboxylic Acids R一COH+ R'-OH R-C-O-R'+H,O acid alcohol ester Esters can be made from the carboxylic acid through the Fischer esterification. Excess alcohol is used to drive the equilibrium toward the ester. Chapter 21 3
Chapter 21 3 Esters from Carboxylic Acids ▪ Esters can be made from the carboxylic acid through the Fischer esterification. ▪ Excess alcohol is used to drive the equilibrium toward the ester
Nomenclature of Esters (CH)2CH一O CH,-0-C-CH,- IUPAC name: 1-methylethyl methanoate phenyl benzoate methyl 2-phenylethanoate common name: isopropyl formate phenyl benzoate methyl phenylacetate ▣ Esters are named as alkyl carboxylates. The first word is derived from the alkyl group of the alcohol,and the second word from the carboxylate group of the carboxylic acid. Chapter 21
Chapter 21 4 Nomenclature of Esters ▪ Esters are named as alkyl carboxylates. ▪ The first word is derived from the alkyl group of the alcohol, and the second word from the carboxylate group of the carboxylic acid
Cyclic Esters H,C CH3 IUPAC name: 5-hydroxypentanoic acid lactone 4-hydroxy-2-methylpentanoic acid lactone common name: 8-valerolactone a-methyl-y-valerolactone Copyright 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall,Inc. Reaction of-OH and-COOH on same molecule produces a cyclic ester called lactone. To name,add the word lactone to the IUPAC acid name or replace the -ic acid of common name with -olactone. Chapter 21 5
Chapter 21 5 Cyclic Esters ▪ Reaction of —OH and —COOH on same molecule produces a cyclic ester called lactone. ▪ To name, add the word lactone to the IUPAC acid name or replace the -ic acid of common name with -olactone