Functional Groups Ester -oate 0 CH3COCH3 Methyl ethanoate Thioester -thioate 0 CH3CSCH3 Methyl ethanethioate Amide -amide CH3CNH2 Ethanamide Acid chloride oyl chloride 0 CH3CCI Ethanoyl chloride Carboxylic acid -oic 00 anhydride anhydride CH3COCCH3 Ethanoic anhydride "The bonds whose connections aren't specified are assumed to be attached to carbon or hydro- molecule
Functional Groups
Functional Groups Functional group A given functional group behaves in nearly the same way in every molecule it is a part of The chemistry of every organic molecule,regardless of size and complexity,is determined by the functional groups it contains In the reactions of ethylene and menthene with bromine both molecules react with Br2 in the same way Double bond CH H2C H2C-CH C-CH3 Ethylene Menthene Bromine added here CH2 H2C-CH C-CH3
Functional group ▪ A given functional group behaves in nearly the same way in every molecule it is a part of ▪ The chemistry of every organic molecule, regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional groups it contains ▪ In the reactions of ethylene and menthene with bromine both molecules react with Br2 in the same way Functional Groups
Functional Groups Functional Groups with Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds Alkenes have carbon-carbon double bonds -Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds Arenes have alternating double and single bonds in a six-membered carbon ring The structural similarities in these compounds lead to chemical similarities 一C=C一 Alkene Alkyne Arene (aromatic ring)
Functional Groups with Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds ▪ Alkenes have carbon-carbon double bonds ▪ Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds ▪ Arenes have alternating double and single bonds in a six-membered carbon ring ▪ The structural similarities in these compounds lead to chemical similarities Functional Groups
Functional Groups Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an Electronegative Atom Example functional groups include alkyl halides (haloalkanes),alcohols, ethers,alkyl phosphates, amines,thiols,sulfides and disulfides C-O 。 Bonds are polar Alcohol Ether Phosphat Carbon bears a partial positive charge(+) Electronegative atom bears a partial negative charge() Amine Thiol Sulfide Disulfide
Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an Electronegative Atom Functional Groups Example functional groups include alkyl halides (haloalkanes), alcohols, ethers, alkyl phosphates, amines, thiols, sulfides and disulfides • Bonds are polar • Carbon bears a partial positive charge (d+) • Electronegative atom bears a partial negative charge (d-)
Functional Groups Functional Groups with a Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups) Carbonyl group ·C=O -Carbonyl carbon bears a partial positive charge() Carbonyl oxygen bears a partial negative charge() Acetone-a typical carbonyl compound
▪ Carbonyl group ▪ C=O ▪ Carbonyl carbon bears a partial positive charge (d+) ▪ Carbonyl oxygen bears a partial negative charge (d-) Functional Groups with a Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups) Functional Groups