中国绅学我术大学 University of Science and Technology of China 第3章 酸碱理论与电离平衡 Chapter 3 The Theories of Acids Bases and lonization Equilibrium
第3章 酸碱理论与电离平衡 Chapter 3 The Theories of Acids & Bases and Ionization Equilibrium
本章重点 >酸碱概念和理论: ·离子论,质子论,溶剂论,电子论 >弱酸弱碱的电离平衡 ·公式推导,合理近似 >同离子效应和缓冲溶液 ·多重平衡 >盐的水解 2
本章重点 酸碱概念和理论: • 离子论,质子论,溶剂论,电子论 弱酸弱碱的电离平衡 • 公式推导,合理近似 同离子效应和缓冲溶液 • 多重平衡 盐的水解 2
§3.1酸碱理论(Theories of Acids&Bases) 一、离子理论(Ionic Theory) >Arrhenius酸碱的离子理论 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation 定义: S.A.Arrhenius √酸碱是一种电解质,它们在水溶液中会离解 (1859-1927)) √酸:电离出的阳离子全是氢离子的物质 碱:电离出的阴离子都是氢氧根离子的物质 ·优点:能简明地解释水溶液中的酸碱反应 :酸碱强度 的标度很明确 缺点:把酸碱限制在水溶液中,碱限制于氢氧化物中
一、离子理论 (Ionic Theory) Arrhenius 酸碱的离子理论 • The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 • 定义: 酸/碱是一种电解质,它们在水溶液中会离解 酸:电离出的阳离子全是氢离子的物质 碱:电离出的阴离子都是氢氧根离子的物质 • 优点:能简明地解释水溶液中的酸碱反应;酸碱强度 的标度很明确 • 缺点:把酸碱限制在水溶液中,碱限制于氢氧化物中 §3.1 酸碱理论 (Theories of Acids & Bases) S. A. Arrhenius (1859-1927) the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation 3
二、质子理论(Proton Theory) 1.Bronsted和Lowryi酸碱质子理论(1923年) >定义:An acid is any species that can donate a proton, while a base is any species that can accept a proton ·质子酸:凡是能释放出质子(H)的物种(分子或离子) √分子酸:H,SO4,HCl,CH3COOH,H2C2O4 √阴离子酸:HSO4,HC2O4 √阳离子酸:NH4,HO+,C6HNH3 ·质子碱:凡是能接受质子的物种(分子或离子) √分子碱:NH3,N2H4,NHOH √阴离子碱:OH,S2,CH,COO √阳离子碱:NH+ 4
二、质子理论 (Proton Theory) 1. Brnsted和Lowry酸碱质子理论 (1923年) 定义:An acid is any species that can donate a proton, while a base is any species that can accept a proton. • 质子酸:凡是能释放出质子(H+)的物种 (分子或离子) 分子酸:H2SO4,HCl,CH3COOH, H2C2O4 阴离子酸:HSO4,HC2O4 阳离子酸:NH4+,H3O+,C6H5NH3+ • 质子碱:凡是能接受质子的物种 (分子或离子) 分子碱:NH3,N2H4,NH2OH 阴离子碱:OH,S2,CH3COO 阳离子碱:N2H5+ 4
2.共轭酸碱对(Conjugate acid-base pairs) A(酸)÷B(碱)+H(质子) 。 弱酸共轭强碱,弱碱共轭强酸 NH+NH2+H+ [Fe(H2O)6]3+=[Fe(OH)H2O)s]2++H [CH NH][CH NH2]+H+ ·Practice Exercise: What is the conjugate base of each of the following acids: HCIO4,H2S,PH4*,HCO;,H2O What is the conjugate acid of each of the following bases: CN-,SO2-,HCO3,H2O 5
2. 共轭酸碱对 (Conjugate acid-base pairs) A (酸) B (碱) + H+ (质子) • 弱酸共轭强碱,弱碱共轭强酸 NH4+ NH3 + H+ [Fe(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+ + H+ [CH3NH3]+ [CH3NH2] + H+ • Practice Exercise: What is the conjugate base of each of the following acids: HClO4,H2S,PH4+,HCO3,H2O What is the conjugate acid of each of the following bases: CN,SO42,HCO3,H2O 5