A4 B2(g) 2A2(g)+B2(g) 0 2a ∴a=0.2 四、阿玛加分体积定律( Amagat's law of partial volumes) 1.什么叫分体积:混合气体中某组分i单独存在,并且和混合气体的温度,压强相同 时,所具有的体积V,称为混合气体中第i组分的分体积,图示为: n1+ T、p相同 总体积V 分体积V1分体积V2 2.分体积定律:当温度,压力相同时,混合气体的总体积等于各组分分体积之和 r=nR(n+n2+…+n+…)Rr n, RT/p+n,RT/p+.+n RT/p+ P =nRT/p+nR/p+…+RT/p+…=+2+…+F+…=∑ 五、格拉罕姆扩散定律( Grahan' s Law of effusion and diffusion) 1. Difference between effusion and diffusion. The mixture of one gas with another is called diffusion. Effusion means gas molecules move from a high-pressure region to a low- pressure region through a pin hole 2. Graham's law: Thomas Graham discovered that the effusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass 在恒压条件下,某一温度下的气体的扩散速率与其密度(或摩尔质量)的平方根成 反比 3.表达式: /2=y2n=√M2/M Glass tube Cotton wet with White nng of NHaCI (s Cotton wet with forms where the NHa and HCKaq) (a)a demonstration of the relative diffusion rates of NH, and HCl molecules through air. Two cotton plugs, one dipped in HCI(aq) and one dipped in NH, (aq), are simultan- eously inserted into the ends of the tube. Gaseous NH, and HCI vaporizing from the cotton plugs diffuse toward each other and, where they meet, react to form NH CI(s) (b)When HCKg) and NH, (g) meet in the tube, a white ring of NH,CI(s)forms 4.证明:(1)理论推导由分子运动论的推导可知:3=3D(p=mM) N N·m/,气体的密度为p=V L √ 11
11 Solution: A4B2(g) 2A2(g) + B2(g) 1 0 0 1−α 2α α ∴ 1 1 1 2 1.4 = − + + ∴α = 0.2 四、阿玛加分体积定律(Amagat’s Law of Partial Volumes) 1.什么叫分体积:混合气体中某组分 i 单独存在,并且和混合气体的温度,压强相同 时,所具有的体积 Vi ,称为混合气体中第 i 组分的分体积,图示为: T、p 相同时 总体积 V 分体积 V1 分体积 V2 n1 + n2 n1 n2 2.分体积定律:当温度,压力相同时,混合气体的总体积等于各组分分体积之和 3.Deduction: 1 2 1 2 ( ) / / / i i nRT n n n RT V n RT p n RT p n RT p p p + + + + = = = + + + + 1 2 / / / i = + + + + n RT p n RT p n RT p = + + + + = V V V V 1 2 i i 五、格拉罕姆扩散定律 (Graham’s Law of Effusion and Diffusion) 1.Difference between effusion and diffusion . The mixture of one gas with another is called diffusion. Effusion means gas molecules move from a high-pressure region to a lowpressure region through a pin hole 2.Graham’s law: Thomas Graham discovered that the effusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass 在恒压条件下,某一温度下的气体的扩散速率与其密度(或摩尔质量)的平方根成 反比 3.表达式: 1 2 2 1 2 1 u u M M / / / = = 4.证明:(1) 理论推导 由分子运动论的推导可知: 2 3 2 ( ) 3 u pV m pV Nu N m = = ∴ 3 / u p N m V = ,气体的密度为 N m V = ∴当 p = constant , 1 u
n/n2=√21 又 p∝M M2/M (2)实验证实:自白烟圈与管口的距离,可测得两种气体的扩散速率 思考:扩散时间与密度(或摩尔质量)之间的关系如何? √a1/P2=√M1M2 5. Application of Graham's law (1)利用此定律可以测定未知气体的分子量(或原子量), Ramsay就是利用此法,测 定了Rn的原子量 Sample Exercise: An unknown gas composed of homonuclear, diatomic molecules effuses at a rate that is only 0.355 times that of Oz at the same temperature. What is the identity of the rate 32.0 Solution =0.355 =0.355 AM Mx=254 g/mol ∴原子摩尔质量=2s4)=127g/mol We conclude that the unknown gas is l2 (2)可以分离同位素 自然界中U235占0.7%,U38占993%,U235可以由热中子诱发裂变,而U238不能 由热中子诱发裂变。 从铀矿( pitchblende)(沥青铀矿,UO2)制备UF6(b.p.=56℃) 30O+ 8HNO 3UO2(NO3 )2+2NO+ 4H2O UO2(NO3 )2- UO3+ NO+ No2+O UO,+ H2O UO + 4HF- UF4+2H20 UF4+ F2- UF6 ra2su|M23805+6×1899835204 1.0043 rate zM UE VM 23504+6×18.998V34903 这种微乎其微的差别,要求 gaseous diffusion plant must be very large.The riginal plant in Oak Ridge Tennessee had 4000 diffusion stage and covered an area of 43 acres(267亩,1英亩=607亩) §12液体 液体所表现出来的特性由其结构特点决定的。它处于完全混乱的气体状态和基本上完 全有序的固体状态之间,所以它既不能象气体运动论那样作基本假设,又不能象固体那 样,通过一定的对称性作一些定量计算,因而液体的定量理论的发展到目前为止还不甚理 想。但液体本身也有一些特性,如:粘度( viscosIty)、表面张力( surface tension)、凝固点
12 300℃ 700℃ ∴ 1 2 2 1 u u/ / = 又 ∵ M ∴ 1 2 2 1 u u M M / / = (2)实验证实:自白烟圈与管口的距离,可测得两种气体的扩散速率。 思考:扩散时间与密度(或摩尔质量)之间的关系如何? 1 2 1 2 1 2 t /t = / = M / M 5.Application of Graham’s law (1) 利用此定律可以测定未知气体的分子量(或原子量),Ramsay 就是利用此法,测 定了 Rn 的原子量。 Sample Exercise:An unknown gas composed of homonuclear, diatomic molecules effuses at a rate that is only 0.355 times that of O2 at the same temperature. What is the identity of the unknown gas? Solution: 2 2 2 2 x O O x rate rate M M = 2 2 x O rate rate = 0.355 ∴ 2 x 32.0 0.355 M = M 2 x = 254 g / mol ∴ 原子摩尔质量 = 254× 1 2 = 127 g / mol ∴ We conclude that the unknown gas is I2 (2) 可以分离同位素 自然界中 U235 占 0.7%,U238占 99.3%,U235 可以由热中子诱发裂变,而 U238不能 由热中子诱发裂变。 从铀矿(pitchblende)(沥青铀矿,UO2)制备 UF6(b. p. = 56℃): 3UO2 + 8HNO3 3UO2(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O UO2(NO3)2 UO3 + NO + NO2 + O2 UO3 + H2 UO2 + H2O UO2 + 4HF UF4 + 2H2O UF4 + F2 UF6 235 235 6 6 238 238 6 6 UF UF UF UF rate 238.05 6 18.998 352.04 1.0043 rate 235.04 6 18.998 349.03 M M + = = = = + 这种微乎其微的差别,要求 gaseous diffusion plant must be very large. The original plant in Oak Ridge Tennessee had 4000 diffusion stage and covered an area of 43 acres(267 亩,1 英亩 = 6.07 亩) §1-2 液体 Liquids 液体所表现出来的特性由其结构特点决定的。它处于完全混乱的气体状态和基本上完 全有序的固体状态之间,所以它既不能象气体运动论那样作基本假设,又不能象固体那 样,通过一定的对称性作一些定量计算,因而液体的定量理论的发展到目前为止还不甚理 想。但液体本身也有一些特性,如:粘度(viscosity)、表面张力(surface tension)、凝固点