Easterlin Paradox 伊斯特林悖论 现 福 为什么更多的财富并没 1972 程度 有带来更大的幸福？ “幸福一收入之谜”或“幸福悖论”〉
Easterlin Paradox 伊斯特林悖论 现代经济学-财富增加将导致 福利或幸福增加 1974年，R. Easterlin 在《经济增长可以在多大 程度上提高人们的快乐》提出，通常在一个国家 内，富人报告的平均幸福和快乐水平高于穷人， 但如果进行跨国比较，穷国的幸福水平与富国几 乎一样高，其中美国居第一，古巴接近美国，居 第二
Immiserizing Growth 悲惨性增长 1950年代，印度人Bhagwati J.N.(贾格 迪什.巴格瓦蒂)：“Immiserizing Growth:A Geometrical Note
Immiserizing Growth 悲惨性增长 ▪ 1950年代，印度人Bhagwati J. N.（贾格 迪什．巴格瓦蒂 ）：“Immiserizing Growth: A Geometrical Note”
These ideas dominate modern neoclassical economic thinking about what drives economic growth through capital accumulation and technical prog In our models of economic growth here we have had natural resources as an last eme obut we have had the moutused row at the same rate as the priva】 opuedtomodeintetommithe history of the and last few hundred years this is o reasonable-the use of natural resources,and especially of the fossil fuels in the last 250 years,has grown.n fact,many mod- els ofrowthtucted by neassicl nmsts entirely overlook nmymt interdependence and have ony labou and various kinds of repoble capital as inputstooSuch models produce the same kind
These ideas dominate modern neoclassical economic thinking about what drives economic growth through capital accumulation and technical progress the emergence of the phenomenon of economic growth in the last few hundred years is to be understood primarily in terms of the emergence of a system of governance that respected and protected private property rights. This first took place in the economies of northern and western Europe, and their offshoots in North America and Oceania
Economists study economic growth because it is the major economic phenomenon of the last few hundred years-it has totally transformed the conditions of human life in those economies that have experienced it.Neoclassical economists see growth as a very good thing,and to the extent that they understand it they hope to be able to advise on how to have more of it.Many neoclassical economists believe that, even in economies that are already rich,the pursuit of economic growth should be the most important objective of economic policy.In this section we will mainly be 经济学家之所以研究经济增长，是因为他是几百年来的主要经济现 象，即经济增长已经使经历了经济增长的那些经济体的人类生活实 现了转型。新古典经济学家把增长看成一个非常好的东西，在某种 程度上，他们希望能够为获得更大的经济增长献言献策。许多古典 经济学家相信，即使在很富裕的经济体中，追求经济增长仍然是经 济政策的最重要的目标
▪ 经济学家之所以研究经济增长，是因为他是几百年来的主要经济现 象，即经济增长已经使经历了经济增长的那些经济体的人类生活实 现了转型。新古典经济学家把增长看成一个非常好的东西，在某种 程度上，他们希望能够为获得更大的经济增长献言献策。许多古典 经济学家相信，即使在很富裕的经济体中，追求经济增长仍然是经 济政策的最重要的目标
100 95 Iceland N Nether- ● lands Benmark Switzerland 90 ● Finland●Sweden ●●Norway Belgium USA● Zealand 85 ● taly● Colombia Taiwan Sou Korea litaly West Germany 80 Phllippines Brazil Venezuela Japan●s● Austria Ghan Spain East Nigeria ● nne Amentina●Chile Germany 75 70 economic growth is very important for improving human well-being at income 65 levels typical of the developing world today.but not very important in that respect 60 at income levels typical of the developed world today. 55 50 ● Georgia● Romania 孕 Uthuania 45 Armenia ● Bulgaria 40 Russia 35 Ukngerus 30 Moidgva 1.000 5,000 9,000 13.000 17,000 21,000 25.000