The filtration and reabsorption of fluid through the capillary wall is determined by the difference of the strength of filtration and reabsorption. EP=(Pc+if)-(p+Pif) Factors affecting the formation of interstitial fluid: (1)Capillary hydrostatic pressure. (2)Colloid osmotic pressure. (3)Lymph return. (4)Capillary permeability. 3.3 Formation and return of lymph physiological function:iReclaiming protein and absorbing nourishment ii)Cleaning the RBC.bacterium and foreign substance iii)Balancing the formation and absorption of interstitial fluid Seaction4 Regulation of Cardiovascular Activity 1 Neural regulation of Cardiovascular Activity 1.1 Cardiac innervation (1)Effects of vagal nerve /agal nerve ending→ACh.→binds to M cholinergic receptor→↑permeability to K+results in:↓ automaticity of S-Anode ↓contractility due to:↑K+efflux at phase3 repolarization→↓AP duration→Ca2+influx↓→[Ca2+]i ↓；ACh inhibits Ca2+influx→[Ca2+]i↓→↓contractility and↓conductivity (2)Effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve: Cardiac sympathetic nerve ending -noradrenaline binds to B-adrenergic receptor-t permeability to Ca2+leads to: ↑Automaticity ↑Conductivity ↑Contractility 1.2 Innervation of blood vessels (1)Vasoconstriction fiber (2)Vasodilation nerve fibebs 1)Sympathetic vasodilation never fibers 2)Parasymp.vasodilation never fibers.(ACh) 3)Non-cholinergic,non-adrenergic fibers 1.3 Cardiovascular center 1.3.1 Cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata (1)Rostral ventrolateral medulla(RVLM) -16- This document is produced by trial version of Print2Flash.Visit www.print2flash.com for more information
(2)Caudal ventrolateral medulla (3)Nucleus of solitary tract (4)Cardiac vagal center 1.3.2 Anterior hypothalamus (AH) 1.3.3 Cerebral cortex 1.4 Cardiovascular regulatory mechanism 1.4.1 Arterial baroreflexes: (1).Baroreceptor is located in adventitia of carotid sinus and aortic arch (2)Afferent nerve:Buffer nerves When artery pressure rises,baroreceptor reflex will be aroused,the heart rate and peripheral resistance decrease,then the blood pressure falls back to normal.This reflex is also called depressor reflex. Functional significances of arterial baroreflex:i)To keep arterial pressure at normal level;ii)To stabilize arterial pressure and prevent arterial pressure from large fluctuation 1.4.2 Chemoreceptor reflex (1)Respiratory depth and frequency increases; (2)Vasoconstriction in skeletal M splanchnic viscera,kidney. (3)Blood flow in brain and liver increases.BP inceases (4)↑HR,↑cardiac output due to a.t respiration rate and depth b.t catecholamine from adrenal medulla. 2 Humoral regulation 2.1 systemic humoral regulation 1)C02,O2… 2)Renin-angiotension system 3)epinephrine and norepinephrine (1)Heart:positive chronotropic and inotropic effect. (2)Blood vessels: a -adrenergic receptor:vasoconstriction. B-adrenergic receptor:vasodilation 2.2 Locally humoral regulation 1)Active hyperemia 2)Blood flow aytoregulation -17- This document is produced by trial version of Print2Flash.Visit www.print2flash.com for more information
Chapter 5 Respiration Teachering Hours 4hours Intensive Teaching:P ower of Pulmonary Ventilation:Intrapulmonary Pressure Intrapleural Pressure; Transport of O2 in the blood:Regulation of respiratory movement Nodi for student:Formation of intrapleural pressure:Regulation of respiratory movement Section 1 The Process of Respiration and Respiratory Organs The gas exchange process between organization and environment is named respiration.Uptake oxygen(O2)and output carbon dioxide(CO2). 1.Process of respiration (1)Extemnal respiration:the exchange process of O2 and COzbetween lungs and environment and the exchange process between the lungs and the blood. (2)The transportation of Oz and CO2 by the blood (3)internal respiration:the exchange of O2 and COz between the blood and the tissue. 2.Respiratory organs 2.1 Respiratory passageway:communicates alveoli and environment,warms the air,gets the air wet,filters the air,cleans the air and completes the defense reflex 2.2 Alveolus:place for exchange Type II alveolar epithelial cells secrete pulmonary surfactant.the physiological effect of pulmonary surfactant include:i)Accommodate surface tension and stable alveolar pressure.ii)Lower alveolar surface tension and reduce inspiration resistance.iii)Reduce the producing of alveolar liquid and prevent pulmonary edema. Section 2 Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation is the gas exchange process between lungs and environment 1 respiratory movement:Thoracic expansion and contraction caused by respiratory muscles are named respiratory movement. Inspiration:inspiration muscles contract-thoraxes expand-ungs expand -ung volumes increase -intrapulmonary pressure decreases temporarily gas enters lungs Expiration:Expiration:diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax-lung recoils thorax recoils intrapulmonary pressure increasesgas is removed. 2 power of pulmonary ventilation (1)respiratory movement (2)intrapulmonary pressure (3)intrapleural pressure 3 Respiratory patterns: i)thoracic breathing. ii)abdominal breathing iii)thoracic-abdominal breathing -18- This document is produced by trial version of Print2Flash.Visit www.print2flash.com for more information
4 intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure 4.1 Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapulmonary pressure =atmospheric pressure At the last of inspiration and expiration Intrapulmonary pressure >atmospheric pressure expiration Intrapulmonary pressure=atmospheric pressure inspiration 4.2 Intrapleural pressure 1)Pleural cavity:Pleural cavity is made up of two layers of pleura.One is visceral layer stick to the surface of lung and the other is parietal layer stick to thorax.There is only little liquid in the pleural cavity but not gas The effect of this layer of liquid is :1)Lubrication effect between two layers of pleura ii)The power between liquid molecules pastes two layers of pleura to make them tightly 2)intrapleural pressure: Intrapleural pressure is usually negative pressure intrapulmonary pressure=intrapulmonary pressure-lungs recoil 3)If pleura breaks,pleural cavity will be open to atmosphere and air will enter pleural cavity.This is called pneumothorax.At this time,two layers of pleura separate and lungs contract for the elastic recoil 5 Resistance of Pulmonary Ventilation (1)elastic resistance:The deformation power caused by opposing pressure is named elastic resistance (2)Non-elastic resistance 6 Pulmonary Capacities (1)Pulmonary Capacities VC(vital capacity)+RV(residual volume) =IRV(inspiratory reserve volume)+TV (tidal volume)+ERV(expiratory reserve volume)+RV (2)tidal volume:The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (3)inspiratory reserve volume:The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the volume.i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume (4)expiratory reserve volume:The volume expelled by an active expiratory effort after passive expiration. The maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration; (5)Functional residual volume:It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume.This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration 7 pulmonary ventilation (1)Minute ventilation volume=Tidal Volumexrespiratory frequency (2)alveolar ventilation=(tidal volume-dead space)x respiratory frequency anatomical dead space physiological dead space Seaction3 Gas Exchange and Transport 1 Gas exchange -19- This document is produced by trial version of Print2Flash.Visit www.print2flash.com for more information