Thermodynamics The field of chemistry that describes the properties of a system at equilibrium/ is called thermodynamics(热力学) 热力学第一定律:能量守衡与转化定律 能量可以从一种形式转化成另一种形式,在转 化过程中,能量总值不变 热力学第二定律:自发过程的不可逆性 不可能从单一热源吸热,使之全部转化为功, 而不引起其他变化 ●热力学第三定律:熵变的计算
Thermodynamics z The field of chemistry that describes the properties of a system at equilibrium is called thermodynamics (热力学 ) z 热力学第一定律:能量守衡与转化定律 —— 能 量 可以从一种形式转化成另一种形式,在转 化过程中,能量总值不变 z 热力学第二定律:自发过程的不可逆性 —— 不 可 能从单一热源吸热,使之全部转化为功, 而不引起其他变化 z 热力学第三定律:熵变的计算
Thermodynamics ●热力学状态函数 内能U,体系各种能量的总和,绝对值不可知 熵S,体系无序程度,有规定熵 布斯自由能G 亥姆霍兹自由能A不具有明确的物理意 义,但是对于处理体系 焓H 的热力学问题很有帮助 ●分析研究这些状态函数的变化值
Thermodynamics z 热力学状态函数 z ——内能 U,体系各种能量的总和,绝对值不可知 z —— 熵 S,体系无序程度,有规定熵 z ——吉布斯自由能 G z ——亥姆霍兹自由能 A z —— 焓 H z 分析研究这些状态函数的变化值 不具有明确的物理意 义,但是对于处理体系 的热力学问题很有帮助
Thermodynamics 几个基本概念和重要的关系式 o For the generalized reaction aa t bB cc+dD o we have [Products ICTIDI eq REactants] AIBI o Keg-equilibrium constant
Thermodynamics ——几个基本概念和重要的关系式 z For the generalized reaction: z we have z Keq —— equilibrium constant aA + bB c C + d D Keq = [Products] [Reactants] = [ C ]c [ D ] d [ A ]a [ B ] b
Thermodynamics ● Free Energy 自由能 △G0 Gibbs standard free/ energy change, thermodynamic parameters,是等温 等压条件下判断反应变化方向的热力学状态函数 o AGo=(free energy of the products) (free energy of the reactants) △G0=-RTnK eq
Thermodynamics z Free Energy —— 自由能 z △G 0 —— Gibbs standard free energy change, thermodynamic parameters ,是等温 等压条件下判断反应变化方向的热力学状态函数 z △G 0 = (free energy of the products) – (free energy of the reactants) △G 0 = - RTln Keq
Thermodynamics ●When△ Go is negative, the reaction is exergonIc(放能的), Chas a favorable equilibrium constant,/and can occur spontaneously. When/4Go is positive,the reaction is endergonic(吸能的), has an unfavorable equilibrium constant and cannot occur spontaneously. ●放能不等于放热,同样,吸能也不等于吸热 因为体系与环境间还可以有功的交换 (等压过程的膨胀与收缩)
z When △G0 is negative, the reaction is exergonic (放能的) , has a favorable equilibrium constant, and can occur spontaneously. When △G0 is positive, the reaction is endergonic (吸能的) , has an unfavorable equilibrium constant, and cannot occur spontaneously. Thermodynamics z放能不等于放热,同样,吸能也不等于吸热 ——因为体系与环境间还可以有功的交换 (等压过程的膨胀与收缩)