Unit 8 Section a . Background Knowledg Cloning: The process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means Bill Clinton the 42nd President of the United States( 1993-2001) DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸) the chemical at the center of the cells of living things which controls the structure and carries genetics information during reproduction II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text: When a world with human clones was suddenly within reach, people's reactions to it were strong and varied. They puzzled over a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that had arisen from cloning Devices for developing it 列举法 讨论法 Listing(列举法) In the main part( the third part)of the passage, the author lists as many as puzzles on the issue of cloning The list of 6 puzzles 1)Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4) 2)Will it be possible to clone the dead?(Para. 6) 3)Would a cloned human be identical to the original? Para. 8) 4)What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para. 11) 5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA( Para. 14) 6)What are the other implications of cloning for society?(Para. 17) 2. Discussion(讨论法) The author deals with the 6 common puzzles by offering different opinions from different experts through the device of discussion Puzzles discussions Puccle /: Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place?(Para. 4) Discussion: Most experts consider the human cloning falls into two broad categories: 1)parents clone a child to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2) adults might want to clone themselves. Para 5) Puccle 2: Will it be possible to clone the dead?( Para. 6) Discussion: Perhaps, if the body is fresh, says one expert The cloning method used by wilmut's
Unit 8 Section A I. Background Knowledge Cloning: The process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. Bill Clinton: the 42nd President of the United States(1993-2001). DNA: (deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸) the chemical at the center of the cells of living things which controls the structure and carries genetics information during reproduction. II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text: When a world with human clones was suddenly within reach, people’s reactions to it were strong and varied. They puzzled over a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that had arisen from cloning. Devices for developing it: 列举法 讨论法 1. Listing (列举法) In the main part ( the third part)of the passage, the author lists as many as 6puzzles on the issue of cloning. The list of 6 puzzles: 1) Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4) 2) Will it be possible to clone the dead? (Para. 6) 3) Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8) 4) What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?(Para. 11) 5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14) 6) What are the other implications of cloning for society? (Para. 17) 2. Discussion (讨论法) The author deals with the 6 common puzzles by offering different opinions from different experts through the device of discussion. Puzzles & Discussions: Puzzle 1: Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4) Discussion: Most experts consider the human cloning falls into two broad categories: 1)parents clone a child to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2) adults might want to clone themselves.(Para.5) Puzzle 2: Will it be possible to clone the dead? (Para. 6) Discussion: Perhaps, if the body is fresh, says one expert. The cloning method used by Wilmut’s
lab requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the dna of the person to be cloned. And that means that the nucleus must be intact Cells die and the cell nucleus begins to break apart after death. But, yes, in theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7) Puccle 3: Would a cloned human be identical to the original?(Para. 8) Discussion: Most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. The only possible exception is bearing children. Wilmut and his coworkers are not sure that dolly will be able to have lambs. They will try to find out once she's old enough to breed. Para 10) Puccle 4a: What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para. 11) Discussion: Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent. ( Para. 12) Puccle 4b: What if cloned animals could be used as organ donors?(Para. 13) Discussion:. But the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species. To get around that, one company is trying to alter the pigs genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked. If the companys technicians succeed, it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by current methods. (Para. 13) Puccle 5: How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14) Discussion:.Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of "Most honored sir or madam Why? One should always respect one's ancestors, "she says, "regardless of what they did to bring one dictionary says that the noun "clonee "may sound like a good term, but it's not clear enough Instead, he prefers"original"and"copy(Para. 15-16) Puccle 6: What are the other implications of cloning for society?(Para. 17) Discussion:,. Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new(and disrespected) social class: the clones". One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. ( Para. 18) PART ONE (Para. 1) With the success of cloning an adult mammal, the world was suddenly brought into the reality of human cloning Devices for developing it? Induction(归纳 PART TWO(Para.2-3) Main idea? This part is about the worlds strong and immediate responses in the wake of wilmut announcement Devices for developing it? Exemplification(举例法) 就在威尔莫特宣告成功之后,各国政府为一个未知世界,一个充满各种难以置信的可能性的 将来,匆匆起草指导方针 Example 1: President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the legal and moral implications of cloning.( Para. 2)
lab requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the DNA of the person to be cloned. And that means that the nucleus must be intact. Cells die and the cell nucleus begins to break apart after death. But, yes, in theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7) Puzzle 3: Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8) Discussion: Most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. The only possible exception is bearing children. Wilmut and his coworkers are not sure that Dolly will be able to have lambs. They will try to find out once she’s old enough to breed. (Para.10) Puzzle 4a: What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?(Para.11) Discussion: Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this. Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent.(Para.12) Puzzle 4b: What if cloned animals could be used as organ donors? (Para. 13) Discussion: …But the human body attacks and destroys tissue from other species. To get around that, one company is trying to alter the pig’s genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked. If the company’s technicians succeed, it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by current methods. (Para. 13) Puzzle 5: How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para.14) Discussion: …Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of “Most honored sir or madam”. Why? “One should always respect one’s ancestors,” she says, “regardless of what they did to bring one dictionary says that the noun “clonee” may sound like a good term, but it’s not clear enough. Instead, he prefers “original” and “copy”.(Para.15-16) Puzzle 6: What are the other implications of cloning for society? (Para. 17) Discussion: …Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new (and disrespected) social class: “the clones”. One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. (Para. 18) PART ONE (Para.1): Main idea? With the success of cloning an adult mammal, the world was suddenly brought into the reality of human cloning. Devices for developing it ? Induction (归纳法) PART TWO (Para.2-3) Main idea? This part is about the world’s strong and immediate responses in the wake of Wilmut’s announcement. Devices for developing it ? Exemplification (举例法) 就在威尔莫特宣告成功之后，各国政府为一个未知世界，一个充满各种难以置信的可能性的 将来，匆匆起草指导方针. Example 1: President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the legal and moral implications of cloning. (Para.2)
Example 2: Leaders in Europe where most nations alreaday prohibit human cloning, began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. ( Para.2 Comparison(比较法) ng of the atom, and the first space flight Dollys as generated a difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers.( Para. 3) 就像相对论、原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样,多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家们提 出了一长串难以解答的难题。 PART THREE (Para. 4-18 This part offers complete or partial answers, from the up-to-date knowledge, to the six questions on the legal and moral implications of cloning Devices for developing it? Classification(分类法) The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories: 1)parents who want to clone a child, either to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2)adults who for a variety of reasons might want to clone themselves. ( Para. 5) 专家们考虑得最多的克隆人类的情形可以分为两大类:1)父母想要克隆孩子,要么是想为 垂危的孩子提供移植器官,要么是想代替原来的孩子;2)成年人出于各种各样的原因想要 克隆自己 Comparison(比较法) 相同的基因不会复制出相同的人。这一点,任何认识一些双胞胎的人都可以告诉你 (1)Identical genes don t produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (2)In fact, twins are more alike than clones would be, since they have at least shared the same environment within the mother, and so forth. (3) Parents could clone a second child who resembled their first in appearance, but all the evidence suggests the two would have ver Argumentation(议论法 最让人担心的不是克隆本身,而是基因工程一一即根据特定的要求故意改变基因以创造人 (1)The gravest concern isn't really cloning itself, but genetic engineering-the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements. (2)Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new( and disrespected) social class: " the clones ( 3)One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, hen Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans.(Para. 18) 有位专家认为,这一情形类似于16世纪时的 种情况,当时的欧洲人对如何对美洲 的陌生居民进行归类感到困惑,并无休止地争论他们究竞是不是人类 PART FOUR (Para. 19 This part is intended to reaffirm the author's opinion that, although the list of questions could go on, people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning Devices for developing it?
Example 2: Leaders in Europe, where most nations alreaday prohibit human cloning, began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. (Para..2) Comparison (比较法) Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly’s appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians,and philosophers.(Para.3) 就像相对论、原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样，多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家们提 出了一长串难以解答的难题。 PART THREE (Para.4-18) Main idea ? This part offers complete or partial answers, from the up-to-date knowledge, to the six questions on the legal and moral implications of cloning. Devices for developing it ? Classification (分类法) The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories:1) parents who want to clone a child, either to provide transplants for a dying child or to replace that child, and 2)adults who for a variety of reasons might want to clone themselves.(Para.5) 专家们考虑得最多的克隆人类的情形可以分为两大类：1）父母想要克隆孩子，要么是想为 垂危的孩子提供移植器官，要么是想代替原来的孩子；2）成年人出于各种各样的原因想要 克隆自己。 Comparison (比较法) 相同的基因不会复制出相同的人。这一点，任何认识一些双胞胎的人都可以告诉你。 (1) Identical genes don’t produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (2) In fact, twins are more alike than clones would be, since they have at least shared the same environment within the mother, and so forth. (3) Parents could clone a second child who resembled their first in appearance, but all the evidence suggests the two would have very different personalities…(Para.9) Argumentation (议论法) 最让人担心的不是克隆本身，而是基因工程——即根据特定的要求故意改变基因以创造人 类。 (1) The gravest concern isn’t really cloning itself, but genetic engineering-the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements. (2) Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new ( and disrespected) social class: “the clones”. (3)One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. (Para.18) 有位专家认为，这一情形类似于 16 世纪时的 一种情况，当时的欧洲人对如何对美洲 的陌生居民进行归类感到困惑，并无休止地争论他们究竟是不是人类。 PART FOUR (Para.19): Main idea? This part is intended to reaffirm the author’s opinion that, although the list of questions could go on, people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning. Devices for developing it ?
Reiteration(重申法) Ill. Language Points l. word that./of.(L1):关于·的消息 关于他性丑闻的消息在街上传得很快。 Word has been spread fast of his sexual scandal on the streets 2 to succeed in doing sth.(L.2):成功地做了某事 如果他们成功地达成了停火协议,联合国将派驻维和部队。 If they succeed in establishing a cease-fire, the UN will send in peace-keeping forces 3 to work for(L.4):使用于;为·工作 中国经济发展的成功经验适用于大多数发展中国家。 Chinas successful experience in economical development may work for most of the developing countries 4. within(one's) reach(L.5)在伸手能及的范围以内,近的;方便到达 他宁愿选择一个能够达到的目标,也不愿选择一个雄心勃勃但无法达到的目标 Rather than choose an ambitious goal beyond his reach, he would choose a goal within his reach 5. to come to life(L5)活跃起来,表现生动 这几位青年人把那个乏味的戏着实演得生动活泼。 The dull play really came to life through the performance of these young people 6. in the wake of(L6)随着,紧跟着 人类社会不得不遭受一个接一个的随着生态破坏而来的灾难。 Human societies have to suffer one disaster after another that follows in the wake of the ecological 7 to draft guidelines for.(L.6)为…起草指导方针 她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲稿。 She was busy drafting her speech for next months speech contest 8. in the first place(L15)首先;起初;其 见倾心是不明智的。其一,你们彼此不甚了解;其二,这样的爱情很难长久 It is unwise to love at first sight. In the first place you know little about each other and in the second it is hard for such love to last long 9. to fall into(L.17)可分成;属于 物以类聚,人以群分 Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into a group 10. to break apart(L27)分裂瓦解 堡垒最容易从内部瓦解 The fortress is most liable to break apart from within in theory(L.27)在理论上 你追求幸福的计划理论上不错,但我不知道实际上是否行得通。 Your plan for seeking happiness sounds fine in theory, but I dont know if it 'll work in practice 12. to be identical to/with(L28)与·…一模一样;就等于 他沉溺于网恋就等于荒废了学业。 His indul in online love affairs is identical to neglecting his studies 13. in terms of(L.36)从·…·方面(来说);根据;按照
Reiteration（重申法） III. Language Points 1. word that…/of… (L. 1): 关于······的消息 关于他性丑闻的消息在街上传得很快。 Word has been spread fast of his sexual scandal on the streets. 2. to succeed in doing sth. (L. 2): 成功地做了某事 如果他们成功地达成了停火协议，联合国将派驻维和部队。 If they succeed in establishing a cease-fire, the UN will send in peace-keeping forces. 3. to work for (L.4): 使用于；为······工作 中国经济发展的成功经验适用于大多数发展中国家。 China’s successful experience in economical development may work for most of the developing countries. 4. within (one’s) reach (L. 5) 在伸手能及的范围以内，近的；方便到达 他宁愿选择一个能够达到的目标，也不愿选择一个雄心勃勃但无法达到的目标。 Rather than choose an ambitious goal beyond his reach, he would choose a goal within his reach. 5. to come to life (L. 5) 活跃起来，表现生动 这几位青年人把那个乏味的戏着实演得生动活泼。 The dull play really came to life through the performance of these young people. 6. in the wake of (L. 6) 随着，紧跟着 人类社会不得不遭受一个接一个的随着生态破坏而来的灾难。 Human societies have to suffer one disaster after another that follows in the wake of the ecological damage. 7. to draft guidelines for… (L. 6) 为······起草指导方针 她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲稿。 She was busy drafting her speech for next month’s speech contest. 8. in the first place (L. 15) 首先；起初；其一 一见倾心是不明智的。其一，你们彼此不甚了解；其二，这样的爱情很难长久。 It is unwise to love at first sight. In the first place you know little about each other and in the second it is hard for such love to last long. 9. to fall into (L. 17) 可分成；属于 物以类聚，人以群分。 Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into a group. 10. to break apart (L. 27) 分裂瓦解 堡垒最容易从内部瓦解。 The fortress is most liable to break apart from within. 11. in theory (L. 27) 在理论上 你追求幸福的计划理论上不错，但我不知道实际上是否行得通。 Your plan for seeking happiness sounds fine in theory, but I don’t know if it’ll work in practice. 12. to be identical to / with (L. 28) 与······一模一样；就等于 他沉溺于网恋就等于荒废了学业。 His indulgence in online love affairs is identical to neglecting his studies. 13. in terms of (L. 36)从······方面（来说）； 根据；按照
他考虑任何事情都从金钱的角度出发。 He thinks of everything in terms of money 14. What if..!?(L.43)要是·怎么办/怎么样 不要过早地介入爱情游戏。要是你失恋了怎么办? Don't get involved in love games too early. What if you suffer from failure in love? 15. to bring sth./sb. into the world(L45)生产;生(孩子) 自从发明了电灯泡,人类在夜间的照明已摆脱了对油灯或蜡烛的依赖。 Since the electric bulb was brought into the world, mankind has been freed from his dependence on oil lamp or candle for light at night 16. with sth. in mind(L.46)出于·目的;考虑到某事 失败是成功之母。考虑到这一点,他开始重新审视这次试验的失败 Failure is the mother of success. With this in mind, he began to take a new look at the failure in this experiment 17. to get around/ round(L.50)克服;回避 她试图通过改变话题来回避这个棘手的问题 She is trying to get round this tricky problem by changing the subject 18. to give birth to sb./sth.(L.55)生(孩子);产(仔) 由于我们的共同努力,最终找到了解决这个问题的有效方法 Our joint efforts finally gave birth to an effective solution for the problem 19. regardless of(L59)不顾,不管 那些不顾客观条件而自行其是的人很难成功 Those who, regardless of objective conditions, act as they think fit are less likely to succeed 20. to leave confusion over(L61)留下难题,迷惑 老师清晰的解释使学生对那个抽象的理论没有任何迷惑。 The teacher's explicit explanation left the students no confusion over that abstract theor 21. to be concerned about/over(L.67)担心,担忧 他从不在乎别人怎么看他 He has never been concerned about what others think of him 22. to be comparable/ similar to(L68)可与··相比;类似于 在一些人眼里,爱情就像是个迷宫,充满了诱惑和陷阱 In the eyes of some people, love is comparable to a maze, full of lures and traps 23. to puzzle over(L69)努力思考 他就这个问题苦苦思考了好几个钟头,但还是摸不着头脑 He puzzled over the problem for hours, without making head or tail of it 24. to wonder about(L71)对·好奇;想知道;对…疑惑 我一直搞不懂为什么一些人可以不劳而获。 I keep wondering about why some people can reap without sowing Expressions patterns 1. Typical patterns for advancing one's arguments RRF: If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldnt have to worry about cloning twins for transplants (L. 48) 如果把克隆的动物用作器官捐赠,那我们就不必考虑为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了 向型提炼
他考虑任何事情都从金钱的角度出发。 He thinks of everything in terms of money. 14. What if…? (L. 43) 要是······怎么办 / 怎么样？ 不要过早地介入爱情游戏。要是你失恋了怎么办？ Don’t get involved in love games too early. What if you suffer from failure in love? 15. to bring sth. / sb. into the world (L. 45) 生产；生（孩子） 自从发明了电灯泡，人类在夜间的照明已摆脱了对油灯或蜡烛的依赖。 Since the electric bulb was brought into the world, mankind has been freed from his dependence on oil lamp or candle for light at night 16. with sth. in mind (L. 46) 出于······目的; 考虑到某事 .失败是成功之母。考虑到这一点，他开始重新审视这次试验的失败。 Failure is the mother of success. With this in mind, he began to take a new look at the failure in this experiment. 17. to get around / round (L. 50) 克服; 回避 她试图通过改变话题来回避这个棘手的问题。 She is trying to get round this tricky problem by changing the subject. 18. to give birth to sb. / sth. (L. 55) 生 (孩子)；产(仔) 由于我们的共同努力,最终找到了解决这个问题的有效方法。 Our joint efforts finally gave birth to an effective solution for the problem. 19. regardless of (L. 59) 不顾，不管 那些不顾客观条件而自行其是的人很难成功。 Those who, regardless of objective conditions, act as they think fit are less likely to succeed. 20. to leave confusion over (L. 61) 留下难题，迷惑 老师清晰的解释使学生对那个抽象的理论没有任何迷惑。 The teacher’s explicit explanation left the students no confusion over that abstract theory. 21. to be concerned about / over (L. 67) 担心，担忧 他从不在乎别人怎么看他。 He has never been concerned about what others think of him. 22. to be comparable / similar to (L. 68) 可与······相比；类似于 在一些人眼里，爱情就像是个迷宫，充满了诱惑和陷阱。 In the eyes of some people, love is comparable to a maze, full of lures and traps. 23. to puzzle over (L. 69) 努力思考 他就这个问题苦苦思考了好几个钟头，但还是摸不着头脑。 He puzzled over the problem for hours, without making head or tail of it. 24. to wonder about (L. 71) 对······好奇；想知道；对······疑惑 我一直搞不懂为什么一些人可以不劳而获。 I keep wondering about why some people can reap without sowing. Expressions & Patterns 1. Typical patterns for advancing one’s arguments 原句: If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldn’t have to worry about cloning twins for transplants. (L. 48) 如果把克隆的动物用作器官捐赠，那我们就不必考虑为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了。 句型提炼