Unit 9 Section a Stop Brain Drain I. Background Information 1. Coca-Cola Founded in 1886, the Coca-Cola Company is the world's leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands. The headquarters are in Atlanta, with local operations is over 200 countries around the world 2. Sputnik History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The worlds first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighted only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S. ------U.SSR space race 3. The green revolution The world's worst recorded food disaster happened in 1943 in British---ruled India Known as the Bengal Famine, an estimated four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India( that included today's Bangladesh). One of the reasons of for the lacks of food was found that the Indian leaders hoarded ood in order to sell at higher prices However, the term"Green Revolution"is applied to the period from 1967 to 1978. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not entirely successful. Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But starvation deaths were still being reported in the newspapers. In a perfect case of Malthusian economics, population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This called for drastic action to increase yield. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution The term"Green Revolution"is a general one that is applied to successful agricultural experiments in many Third World countries. It is NOT specific to India. But it was most successful in India. There were three the method of the Green Revolution: 1)Continued expansion of farming areas; 2) Double-cropping existing farmland; 3) Using seeds with improved genetics 4. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, leader of the Indian nationalist movement, was one of the greatest national leaders of the 20th century. His methods and philosophy of nonviolent confrontation, or civil disobedience, not only led his own country to independence but influenced political activists of many persuasions throughout the world 5.Jawaharal Nehru Jawaharal Nehru(1889-1964)was the first prime minister of independent India. Nehru studied at Cambridge and was admitted to the english bar and then returned to India very westernized. After World War II he participated in the discussions between the United Kingdom and India's leaders that eventually created the separate states of India and Pakistan. When independence came in 1947, Nehru became Prime Minister of India
Unit 9 Section A Stop Brain Drain I. Background Information 1. Coca-Cola Founded in 1886, the Coca-Cola Company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands. The headquarters are in Atlanta, with local operations is over 200 countries around the world. 2. Sputnik History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world’s first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighted only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S. ------ U.S.S.R space race. 3. The Green Revolution The world’s worst recorded food disaster happened in 1943 in British---ruled India. Known as the Bengal Famine, an estimated four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India ( that included today’s Bangladesh). One of the reasons of for the lacks of food was found that the Indian leaders hoarded food in order to sell at higher prices. However, the term “ Green Revolution” is applied to the period from 1967 to 1978. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not entirely successful. Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But starvation deaths were still being reported in the newspapers. In a perfect case of Malthusian economics, population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This called for drastic action to increase yield. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution. The term “ Green Revolution” is a general one that is applied to successful agricultural experiments in many Third World countries. It is NOT specific to India. But it was most successful in India. There were three basic elements in the method of the Green Revolution: 1) Continued expansion of farming areas; 2) Double-cropping existing farmland; 3) Using seeds with improved genetics. 4. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, leader of the Indian nationalist movement, was one of the greatest national leaders of the 20th century. His methods and philosophy of nonviolent confrontation, or civil disobedience, not only led his own country to independence but influenced political activists of many persuasions throughout the world. 5.Jawaharal Nehru Jawaharal Nehru (1889-1964)was the first prime minister of independent India. Nehru studied at Cambridge and was admitted to the English bar and then returned to India very westernized. After World War Ⅱ he participated in the discussions between the United Kingdom and India’s leaders that eventually created the separate states of India and Pakistan. When independence came in 1947, Nehru became Prime Minister of India
6. Eton College Eton College, founded by King Henry IV in 1440, is a private secondary school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, England. Eton's academic and social importance is so great that children are registered at birth to attend there when they are older. Many of England's most famous and admired men were educated there. Eton has an educational system similar to those at Oxford and Cambridge universities, in which each student(for small group of students) has a single, private teacher 7. Silicon vall Silicon Valley is an area that"located on the San Francisco, California, peninsula, radiates outward from Stanford University. It is contained by the san francisco Bay on the east, the Santa Cruz Mountains on the west, and the Coast Range to the southeast. It is best known for its high tech industry 8. Microsoft Microsoft is the manufacturer of the Windows operating systems that include MS-DOS/ 8/NT/2000/Me/XP and other software applications such as Microsoft Office and Internet 9. Intel Intel is the manufacturer of Pentium microprocessors as well as other computer chips 10. The term "welfare state"has been used since World War ll to refer to the acceptance by so governments of the responsibility to make the lives of all their people socially and economically satisfactory The programs of the welfare state have been aimed primarily to reduce the hardships caused by unemployment, disability, and old age and to secure a minimal but appropriate amount of medical care and other essential services for all. regardless of income II. Text Analysis Text Summary Policies have been made in the u.s. to steal brain from the third world brain drain in india has been a serious problem. The India Institute of Technology offered students free room and board, even salary. Indian taxpayers footed the bill in the hope that one day the graduates would help reconstruct the nation. But many students left for America, never return. Although the government set up special IT graduates played a major role in founding California's Silicon valley. India had gone from an agricultural society to the ber-revolution, without passing through intermediate stages such as the welfare state and the creation of social services. It is time to pass legislation calling for a" Brain Trust", helping to create the social structure needed in the next century Text structure Part I( paras. 1-3)Policies have been made in the U.S. to steal brain from the third world Part Il( paras. 4-18)Brain drain in India has been a serious problem but the government has taken no Part Ill( para. 19) It is time to pass legislation calling for a" Brain Trust The writing method of making contrast between two things is very common in argumentation Here are 3 points for our attention 1. Signals of contrast
6.Eton College Eton College, founded by King Henry Ⅳ in 1440, is a private secondary school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, England. Eton’s academic and social importance is so great that children are registered at birth to attend there when they are older. Many of England’s most famous and admired men were educated there. Eton has an educational system similar to those at Oxford and Cambridge universities, in which each student (for small group of students) has a single, private teacher. 7. Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is an area that “ located on the San Francisco, California, peninsula, radiates outward from Stanford University. It is contained by the San Francisco Bay on the east, the Santa Cruz Mountains on the west, and the Coast Range to the southeast.. It is best known for its high tech industry. 8. Microsoft Microsoft is the manufacturer of the Windows operating systems that include MS-DOS/ Windows95/98/NT/2000/Me/XP and other software applications such as Microsoft Office and Internet Explorer. 9. Intel Intel is the manufacturer of Pentium microprocessors as well as other computer chips. 10. The term “welfare state” has been used since World War II to refer to the acceptance by some governments of the responsibility to make the lives of all their people socially and economically satisfactory. The programs of the welfare state have been aimed primarily to reduce the hardships caused by unemployment, disability, and old age and to secure a minimal but appropriate amount of medical care and other essential services for all, regardless of income. II. Text Analysis Text Summary Policies have been made in the U.S. to steal brain from the third world. Brain drain in India has been a serious problem. The India Institute of Technology offered students free room and board, even salary. Indian taxpayers footed the bill in the hope that one day the graduates would help reconstruct the nation. But many students left for America, never return. Although the government set up special IT graduates played a major role in founding California’s Silicon Valley. India had gone from an agricultural society to the cyber-revolution, without passing through intermediate stages such as the welfare state and the creation of social services. It is time to pass legislation calling for a “Brain Trust”, helping to create the social structure needed in the next century. Text structure Part I ( paras. 1-3) Policies have been made in the U.S. to steal brain from the third world. Part II ( paras. 4-18) Brain drain in India has been a serious problem but the government has taken no effective measures. Part III ( para.19) It is time to pass legislation calling for a “ Brain Trust”. The writing method of making contrast between two things is very common in argumentation. Here are 3 points for our attention: 1. Signals of contrast
We usually recognize contrasts on the basis of meaning. If the meaning of two things( such as the parts of a sentence, two objects or two thoughts) can be identified as being greatly different from each other in some way, we can say they are in a relationship of contrasts. Different words of groups of words are used to signal contrasts, depending on the subject. These signals often include: but, however, while, meanwhile, whereas, instead of. instead on the one hand on the other hand etc 2. Making contrasts for different purposes Writers use contrasts to do different things. For instance, the contrast between Para. 7 and Para. 8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Para l7 the sharp contrast between Indias remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of Indias interior framework draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference 3. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence a writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paras 7&8 It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Para. 17 Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. For example:"This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of market economics"( Para. 16, passage A, unit 9)In other words, the new leaders favor market economics instead of economic imperialism III. Language point New words phrase 1. drain D)n. sth. that uses up strengths, energy, or resources e.g. I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy.我想照顾她年迈的母亲把她 的精力都耗尽了。 2)v( cause to flow off gradually or completely eg. The water drained slowly out of the sink.水慢慢从洗涤槽流出去 With illness, her strength drained away.她生病了,身体很虚弱。 ( cause to )become gradually dry, as water or liquid is removed eg. They drained water from land他们把地面上的水排掉 The war drained the country of its resources.战争使该国的资源枯竭了 2.“post-” is a prefix which means "later than?”of“ after e. g. post-war years战后岁月 pre-war years战前岁月 3. thumb 1)n.(手的)拇指 2)v. get a free ride by raising the thumb as a signal e.g. We thumbed a lift to London for the weekend.我们免费搭车去伦敦度周末 thumb through: look or search through quickly Y e.g. A clerk thumbed through the files looking for a letter.办事员翻遍了案卷,寻找一封信件。 foot the bill: (infml )pay
We usually recognize contrasts on the basis of meaning. If the meaning of two things ( such as the parts of a sentence, two objects or two thoughts) can be identified as being greatly different from each other in some way, we can say they are in a relationship of contrasts. Different words of groups of words are used to signal contrasts, depending on the subject. These signals often include: but, however, while, meanwhile, whereas, instead of, instead, on the one hand ,on the other hand, etc. 2. Making contrasts for different purposes Writers use contrasts to do different things. For instance, the contrast between Para.7 and Para.8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Para.17 the sharp contrast between India’s remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of India’s interior framework draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference. 3. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence A writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paras.7&8. It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Para.17. Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. For example: “This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of market economics” ( Para.16, passage A, unit 9) In other words, the new leaders favor market economics instead of economic imperialism. III. Language Points New Words & Phrases 1. drain: 1) n. sth. that uses up strengths, energy, or resources e.g. I think looking after her elderly mother is quite a drain on her energy. 我想照顾她年迈的母亲把她 的精力都耗尽了。 2) v. ( cause to ) flow off gradually or completely e.g. The water drained slowly out of the sink. 水慢慢从洗涤槽流出去。 With illness, her strength drained away. 她生病了，身体很虚弱。 (cause to ) become gradually dry, as water or liquid is removed e.g. They drained water from land.他们把地面上的水排掉。 The war drained the country of its resources. 战争使该国的资源枯竭了。 2. “post-” is a prefix which means “later than” of “after”. e.g. post-war years 战后岁月 pre-war years 战前岁月 3. thumb: 1) n. (手的)拇指 2) v. get a free ride by raising the thumb as a signal e.g. We thumbed a lift to London for the weekend. 我们免费搭车去伦敦度周末。 thumb through: look or search through quickly e.g. A clerk thumbed through the files looking for a letter. 办事员翻遍了案卷，寻找一封信件。 4. foot the bill: (infml.) pay the bill
lis parents footed the bill for the wedding.这次婚礼的钱是他父母出的 5. in the hope that(/of: hoping eg I didn t phone till four o' clock in the hope that you'd be finished.我一直等到四点钟才打电话,希望 那时你已经做完事了。 We left the house early in the hope of avoiding traffic jams.我们早早地走了,希望能避开交通堵塞 e.g So many new ideas! It is too much for me to absorb all at once.这么多新想法!我一下子还接受不了 We closed our offices at2:00pm. to give employees time to absorb the bad news.我们下午两点就下 班了,让雇员们有时间去思考这个坏消息。 eg. They made a firm pledge to reduce taxes.他们坚定地承诺支持我们。 egWe' ve pledged ourselves to fight for justice我们立下誓言,要为正义而战 They have pledged their support for our case.他们承诺支持我们的诉讼 8. scope: n(for/to do) opportunity for activity eg I asked at the job interview whether there would be any scope for me to use my Japanese.求职面试 时,我询问今后是否有机会用得上我的日语 9. mushroom: v grow rapidly and in great numbers e.g The number of computers in schools has mushroomed in recent years.近几年学校里电脑的数量增加 的非常快。 10. were to: This structure is used in an if-clause to make the reader imagine a future condition, esp. one that t likely, not possible, or unreal e.g. If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would have to be cancelled.如果明天下雨,比赛将取消 If it were to reveal its secrets, that organization would collapse in shame.如果机密被揭露,那家机构 就会不体面地倒闭。 11. hold water: seem to be true or reasonable eg. None of his arguments seemed to me to hold water.在我看来他的观点没有一个是站的住脚的。 I'm sorry, but your story just doesn't hold water 12. abandon: vt 1)leave sb. or sth. forever e. g She abandoned her husband and children and went off with another man.她抛下丈夫和孩子,和另 个男人私奔了。 2)stop doing sth. before you have finished e.g The match was abandoned at half time because of the poor weather condition.因为天气不好,比赛进 行到中途就停止了 3)allow(oneself)to be controlled completely by( a feeling, way of living, etc. e.g. The old man abandoned himself to grief..那老人悲痛欲绝 Sentences Paraphrase 1. To those of us who are immigrants, the bill seems simply to sanction a policy secretly implemented by U.S
e.g. His parents footed the bill for the wedding. 这次婚礼的钱是他父母出的。 5. in the hope that (/of): hoping e.g. I didn’t phone till four o’clock in the hope that you’d be finished. 我一直等到四点钟才打电话，希望 那时你已经做完事了。 We left the house early in the hope of avoiding traffic jams. 我们早早地走了，希望能避开交通堵塞 时段。 6. absorb: vt. take in, digest, learn and understand e.g. So many new ideas! It is too much for me to absorb all at once. 这么多新想法！我一下子还接受不了 呢。 We closed our offices at 2:00 p.m. to give employees time to absorb the bad news. 我们下午两点就下 班了，让雇员们有时间去思考这个坏消息。 7. pledge: 1) n. a formal promise e.g. They made a firm pledge to reduce taxes. 他们坚定地承诺支持我们。 2) v. promise formally to do sth. e.g. We’ve pledged ourselves to fight for justice.我们立下誓言，要为正义而战。 They have pledged their support for our case. 他们承诺支持我们的诉讼。 8. scope: n. (for/to do) opportunity for activity e.g. I asked at the job interview whether there would be any scope for me to use my Japanese. 求职面试 时，我询问今后是否有机会用得上我的日语。 9. mushroom: v. grow rapidly and in great numbers e.g. The number of computers in schools has mushroomed in recent years. 近几年学校里电脑的数量增加 的非常快。 10. were to : This structure is used in an if-clause to make the reader imagine a future condition, esp. one that is not likely, not possible, or unreal. e.g. If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would have to be cancelled. 如果明天下雨，比赛将取消。 If it were to reveal its secrets, that organization would collapse in shame. 如果机密被揭露，那家机构 就会不体面地倒闭。 11. hold water: seem to be true or reasonable e.g. None of his arguments seemed to me to hold water. 在我看来他的观点没有一个是站的住脚的。 I’m sorry, but your story just doesn’t hold water. 12. abandon: vt. 1) leave sb. or sth. forever e.g. She abandoned her husband and children and went off with another man. 她抛下丈夫和孩子，和另一 个男人私奔了。 2）stop doing sth. before you have finished e.g. The match was abandoned at half time because of the poor weather condition. 因为天气不好，比赛进 行到中途就停止了。 3) allow (oneself) to be controlled completely by ( a feeling, way of living, etc.) e.g. The old man abandoned himself to grief. 那老人悲痛欲绝。 Sentences Paraphrase 1. To those of us who are immigrants, the bill seems simply to sanction a policy secretly implemented by U.S
ndustry for nearly four decades------namely, stealing brains from the third world Meaning: To those of us who left India and now living in the U.S., the bill seems only to approve officially a policy which has been secretly carried out by U.S. industry for almost forty years---that is draining the third world of intellectual resources 2. During the 1960s and 1970s, politicians in my native country, India, used to wave the slogan"Stop Brain Drain'----a reference to the fact that the cream of India was leaving for the lucrative shores of England and America Meaning: During the 1960s and 1970s, politicians in my native country, India, would protest by waving the slogan "Stop Brain Drain, which referred to the fact that the most talented Indians had abandoned their own country to leave for rich countries as England and America 3. In that post-independent era, when everything foreign was considered contaminated by colonialism, we talked of cottage industries and economic imperialism Meaning: In the years after India achieved its independence, everything which came from other countries was thought to be marked by colonialism and we then turned our attention to small national industries that could be conducted at home, hoping to be independent of those economic powers 4. Our leaders had failed to see that the emphasis on symbol manipulation at IIT left little room for social thought and much scope for the greedy outcomes of capital-driven business Meaning: Our leaders did not realize how the emphasis on symbol manipulation at IIT affected the rest of our development. We did not have much time to think about our responsibilities to society while thinking about the chance to become rich and famous IV Reading skills Reading for the key idea in a sentence The particular reading skill reviewed in this unit is reading for the key idea in a sentence. Although a sentence may give a great deal of information, it usually provides one key idea. Readers should learn to find the key idea in order to understand the meaning of a sentence clearly The key idea of a sentence usually tells a)what a person or an object is b)what a person or an object is doing In order to find the key idea of a sentence we have to a)ask who or what the sentence is abor b)ask what the person or object is doing, or what is happening to the person or object; c) learn to separate details from the key idea Many words in a sentence describe things about the subject of the sentence and only add details around it If we ask when, what kind, where, or why, we will find details. As a result it will be easier for us to see the key Section b
industry for nearly four decades------ namely, stealing brains from the third world. ------Meaning: To those of us who left India and now living in the U.S., the bill seems only to approve officially a policy which has been secretly carried out by U.S. industry for almost forty years---- that is, draining the third world of intellectual resources. 2. During the 1960s and 1970s , politicians in my native country, India, used to wave the slogan “Stop Brain Drain”----- a reference to the fact that the cream of India was leaving for the lucrative shores of England and America. -----Meaning: During the 1960s and 1970s , politicians in my native country, India, would protest by waving the slogan “ Stop Brain Drain”, which referred to the fact that the most talented Indians had abandoned their own country to leave for rich countries as England and America. 3. In that post-independent era, when everything foreign was considered contaminated by colonialism, we talked of cottage industries and economic imperialism. ------Meaning: In the years after India achieved its independence, everything which came from other countries was thought to be marked by colonialism and we then turned our attention to small national industries that could be conducted at home, hoping to be independent of those economic powers. 4. Our leaders had failed to see that the emphasis on symbol manipulation at IIT left little room for social thought and much scope for the greedy outcomes of capital-driven business. ----- Meaning: Our leaders did not realize how the emphasis on symbol manipulation at IIT affected the rest of our development. We did not have much time to think about our responsibilities to society while thinking about the chance to become rich and famous. IV. Reading Skills Reading for the key idea in a sentence The particular reading skill reviewed in this unit is reading for the key idea in a sentence. Although a sentence may give a great deal of information, it usually provides one key idea. Readers should learn to find the key idea in order to understand the meaning of a sentence clearly. The key idea of a sentence usually tells” a) what a person or an object is b) what a person or an object is doing In order to find the key idea of a sentence we have to : a) ask who or what the sentence is about; b)ask what the person or object is doing, or what is happening to the person or object; c) learn to separate details from the key idea Many words in a sentence describe things about the subject of the sentence and only add details around it. If we ask when, what kind, where, or why, we will find details. As a result it will be easier for us to see the key idea. Section B