Unit 3 Section A I Background Knowled s Social Welfare Public assistance programs, commonly called"welfare", provide cash or in-kind benefits fo particular categories of the financially needy. The U.S. welfare system operates on both the federal and state levels. The federal welfare program is known as Social Security that provides benefits or assistance for childcare, disability, food and medical assistance(also known as medicaid ). The state welfare programs, on the other hand, provide assistance to both individuals and local communities with state schooling and social insurance U.S. welfare programs grew significantly in the decades following World War Il, but increases in welfare costs during the 1960s and 1970s brought into question the extent and quality of public assistance. In the early 1980s the Reagan Administration reduced welfare expenditure and suggested turning responsibility for welfare funding over to the states. The cuts in federal funding that took effect during the Reagan Administration did in fact effectively place the responsibility for maintaining funding levels on the states- and, in some cases, on the larger cities The result has been a widening of the already existing disparities in social services spending tween states, and between cities and regions within a state. An example of the state welfare systemcanbeseenathttp://www.state.tn.usundertheHealthandSocialProgramssection Social welfare is an integrated part of a countrys social policy II. Text analysis what's the text mainly about? de. The passage explores the problems of the present welfare system first and then expresses the esire to have a new system. According to the author, a disabled person with spinal cord injuries, he is forced to account for every penny while enduring lectures by the caseworkers. It is hard to have his wheelchair repaired and even harder to make a gradual shift away from welfare. That is why he longs for a new system under which the disabled like him can earn part or all of their own How is the text organized? assage is composed of three parts: how people behave under the present welfare system, what are the problems with it, and what solutions should be applied to the problems. The organization of the whole passage goes after the problem-solution pattern, spiced throughout with examples taken from the authors own experiences Current Problems Solutions situation with the to the describing system problems
Unit 3 Section A I. Background Knowledge Social Welfare Public assistance programs, commonly called “welfare”, provide cash or in-kind benefits for particular categories of the financially needy. The U.S. welfare system operates on both the federal and state levels. The federal welfare program is known as Social Security that provides benefits or assistance for childcare, disability, food and medical assistance (also known as medicaid). The state welfare programs, on the other hand, provide assistance to both individuals and local communities with state schooling and social insurance. U.S. welfare programs grew significantly in the decades following World War II, but increases in welfare costs during the 1960s and 1970s brought into question the extent and quality of public assistance. In the early 1980s the Reagan Administration reduced welfare expenditure and suggested turning responsibility for welfare funding over to the states. The cuts in federal funding that took effect during the Reagan Administration did in fact effectively place the responsibility for maintaining funding levels on the states — and, in some cases, on the larger cities. The result has been a widening of the already existing disparities in social services spending between states, and between cities and regions within a state. An example of the state welfare system can be seen at http://www.state.tn.us under the Health and Social Programs section. Social welfare is an integrated part of a country’s social policy II. Text Analysis What’s the text mainly about? The passage explores the problems of the present welfare system first and then expresses the desire to have a new system. According to the author, a disabled person with spinal cord injuries, he is forced to account for every penny while enduring lectures by the caseworkers. It is hard to have his wheelchair repaired and even harder to make a gradual shift away from welfare. That is why he longs for a new system under which the disabled like him can earn part or all of their own livings. How is the text organized? The passage is composed of three parts: how people behave under the present welfare system, what are the problems with it, and what solutions should be applied to the problems. The organization of the whole passage goes after the problem-solution pattern, spiced throughout with examples taken from the author’s own experiences. Current situation describing Problems with the system Solutions to the problems
On the other Problem 4 Solution 3 welfare The law does not a new system is case-workers encourage clients needed to like detectives to make a gradual encourage clients expect every shift away from to develop their client to beg welfare talents without Why?(Para. 3 Evidence? guilt. (Para. 17) Para 14) Part I(para. 1-4): General situation of welfare clients and welfare case workers under the nt system Part II(para. 5--14: problems with the present welfare system Part Ill(para. 15--17): suggestions to improve the present welfare system III. Language Points l. to long for.渴望/盼望 Bitterly afflicted with many years of civil war, the whole nation longs for peace 由于备受多年内战的煎熬,全民族都渴望和平。 2. to be faced with..面临着 When faced with various choices of career, you'd better choose one in which to exercise to full your specialty or talent 面临各种职业选择时,你最好选择一个可以充分施展专长或才能的职业。 3. to bleed..for..向……榨取 The profiteers who bleed consumers for money by hook or by crook are bound to come to grief in 不择手段榨取消费者钱财的奸商终将受到惩罚。 4. to drum 竭力争取:大力招揽 During the season of Christmas each year, traders use their own unique tricks to drum up their business每年圣诞节期间,商家们各显神通来招揽生意
Part I (para.1--4): General situation of welfare clients and welfare case workers under the present system. Part II (para.5--14): problems with the present welfare system. Part III (para.15--17): suggestions to improve the present welfare system. III. Language Points 1. to long for … 渴望 / 盼望······ Bitterly afflicted with many years of civil war, the whole nation longs for peace. 由于备受多年内战的煎熬，全民族都渴望和平。 2. to be faced with … 面临着······ When faced with various choices of career, you’d better choose one in which to exercise to full your specialty or talent. 面临各种职业选择时，你最好选择一个可以充分施展专长或才能的职业。 3. to bleed … for … 向······榨取······· The profiteers who bleed consumers for money by hook or by crook are bound to come to grief in time. 不择手段榨取消费者钱财的奸商终将受到惩罚。 4. to drum up 竭力争取；大力招揽 During the season of Christmas each year, traders use their own unique tricks to drum up their business. 每年圣诞节期间，商家们各显神通来招揽生意。 On the other, welfare case-workers, like detectives, expect every client to beg. Why? (Para.3) Problem 4: The law does not encourage clients to make a gradual shift away from welfare. Evidence? (Para.14)(Para.14) Solution 3: A new system is needed to encourage clients to develop their talents without guilt. (Para.17)
5. under the table私下,背地里 The focus of punishment should be on the corrupt officials who are mad about business under the table.惩治的焦点应集中在热衷于私下交易的贪官身上。 6. to yield to…,向…屈服 Dont admit the time for yielding to the trend Only when out of water can you tell the end.莫道随波逐流时;出水才看两脚泥 7. to get involved in,卷入/潜心于 Once she gets involved in a research, nothing can distract her mind from it 她一旦潜心钴研某一课题,任何事情都无法使她分心 8. deep down在心底 Nobel appeared optimistic and cheerful, but, deep down, he felt sad and lonely 诺贝尔看上去乐观开朗,但在内心深处却感到悲伤和孤独。 9. to make fools of sb.愚弄某人 Making fools of others is just the same as laying oneself open to ridicule 愚弄他人就等于愚弄自己。 10. to be entitled to(do)sth.有权做某事 A corrupt official, once entitled to the power granted by the people, will seek personal gain by whatever means he could resort to 一个贪官,一旦拥有人民赋予的权力,就会不择手段地为自己牟利。 1l. to be the cue to do sth.是做某事的暗示 Her shining and charming face is the consumer's cue to buy this type of makeup 她光彩迷人的脸庞是在暗示消费者去购买这种化妆品。 12. to talk back顶嘴 When he found his two-year-old son learned to talk back, his eyes glowed with excitement. = f 发现两岁的儿子学会顶嘴了,双眼闪烁着喜悦的光芒 13. to lecture sb. about sth.就某事训斥某人 If a leader tends to lecture his men about anything major or minor, that must be an expression of his incompetence 如果一个领导不论大小事都爱训人,那一定是他无能的表现。 14. to get around(L.32)四处走动 Get around in the city and you will feel in an intensified form the special simplicity and kindness in the citizens here 在城里四处走走,你会强烈地感受到这里的居民特有的淳朴和善良 15. to get the cheapest bid拿到最低的报价 Through open tender, we can not only get the cheapest bid but stop the "black case work "as well 通过公开招标,我们既可以拿到最低报价又可以杜绝暗箱操作 16. to make a gradual shift away from 逐渐脱离 Once one is addicted to drug, it is also next to impossible for him /her to make a gradual shift away from its lure 旦吸毒成瘾,想渐渐摆脱其诱惑也是难上加难的。 jump off突然脱离/摆脱 Strangely, the more urge you feel to jump off a fixed pattern of thinking, the harder you find it to make it 说也奇怪,你越急于摆脱一种思维定式,你越难于如愿
5. under the table 私下，背地里 The focus of punishment should be on the corrupt officials who are mad about business under the table. 惩治的焦点应集中在热衷于私下交易的贪官身上。 6. to yield to … 向······屈服 Don’t admit the time for yielding to the trend; Only when out of water can you tell the end. 莫道随波逐流时；出水才看两脚泥。 7. to get involved in … 卷入 / 潜心于······ Once she gets involved in a research, nothing can distract her mind from it. 她一旦潜心钻研某一课题，任何事情都无法使她分心。 8. deep down 在心底 Nobel appeared optimistic and cheerful, but, deep down, he felt sad and lonely. 诺贝尔看上去乐观开朗，但在内心深处却感到悲伤和孤独。 9. to make fools of sb. 愚弄某人 Making fools of others is just the same as laying oneself open to ridicule. 愚弄他人就等于愚弄自己。 10. to be entitled to (do) sth. 有权做某事 A corrupt official, once entitled to the power granted by the people, will seek personal gain by whatever means he could resort to. 一个贪官，一旦拥有人民赋予的权力，就会不择手段地为自己牟利。 11. to be the cue to do sth. 是做某事的暗示 Her shining and charming face is the consumer’s cue to buy this type of makeup 她光彩迷人的脸庞是在暗示消费者去购买这种化妆品。 12. to talk back 顶嘴 When he found his two-year-old son learned to talk back, his eyes glowed with excitement. 当他 发现两岁的儿子学会顶嘴了，双眼闪烁着喜悦的光芒。 13. to lecture sb. about sth. 就某事训斥某人 If a leader tends to lecture his men about anything major or minor, that must be an expression of his incompetence. 如果一个领导不论大小事都爱训人，那一定是他无能的表现。 14. to get around (L. 32) 四处走动 Get around in the city and you will feel in an intensified form the special simplicity and kindness in the citizens here. 在城里四处走走，你会强烈地感受到这里的居民特有的淳朴和善良。 15. to get the cheapest bid 拿到最低的报价 Through open tender, we can not only get the cheapest bid but stop the “black case work” as well. 通过公开招标，我们既可以拿到最低报价又可以杜绝暗箱操作。 16. to make a gradual shift away from … 逐渐脱离······ Once one is addicted to drug, it is also next to impossible for him / her to make a gradual shift away from its lure. 一旦吸毒成瘾，想渐渐摆脱其诱惑也是难上加难的。 17. to jump off 突然脱离/摆脱 Strangely, the more urge you feel to jump off a fixed pattern of thinking, the harder you find it to make it. 说也奇怪，你越急于摆脱一种思维定式，你越难于如愿
l8. to act as a champion for….成为 ·的捍卫者 Our society needs more and more officials to act as devoted champions for the interests of common people. 我们的社会需要越来越多的官员成为老百姓利益的忠实捍卫者。 19. to lend oneself to..适宜于·;同意参与· Those who never lend themselves to abuse of love are often the first to taste the fruits of true love 从不亵渎爱情的人常常是第一个品尝真爱果实的人 20. to convict sb. of doing sth. wrong证明/宣判某人有罪 We have no right to order him to leave school unless there is enough evidence to convict him of cheating in the exam 我们无权勒令他退学,除非有足够的证据证明他考试作弊 ⅣV. Writing Definitions of Something 1.人们对某一事物的不同界定 2.其正确的定义为 3.如何对待该事物? 写作模式(界定说旼文) I) Something may be many things to many people. People usually view something from different perspectives.(主题引入) 2)Some would prefer to define it while others would like to interpret it as….(人们的不同解读)3) There are still some others who are inclined to regard it as.. 4) If seen in its true colors/In a proper sense/In essence, however, something is nothing but…, no matter what(正确的界定)5) The key the issue is the yardstick you use for measuring(进一步阐述)6) If you…, you are more likely to…but, if you…, you have more chances to…(进一步阐述)7) n the other hand, something is also a becoming(进步界定)8) It goes up along with.. whereas it goes down together with(进一步阐述)9) So there is much need to….10) To achieve this/ To make it, you'd better learn how to..., which /as. (EiX I) 11) And meanwhile, you may., after which, you ill(建议I)12) But most important/ vital for you is…,(建议I
18. to act as a champion for … 成为 ······ 的捍卫者 Our society needs more and more officials to act as devoted champions for the interests of common people. 我们的社会需要越来越多的官员成为老百姓利益的忠实捍卫者。 19. to lend oneself to … 适宜于······; 同意参与······ Those who never lend themselves to abuse of love are often the first to taste the fruits of true love. 从不亵渎爱情的人常常是第一个品尝真爱果实的人。 20. to convict sb. of doing sth. wrong 证明/宣判某人有罪 We have no right to order him to leave school unless there is enough evidence to convict him of cheating in the exam. 我们无权勒令他退学，除非有足够的证据证明他考试作弊。 IV. Writing Definitions of Something 1. 人们对某一事物的不同界定。 2. 其正确的定义为…… 3. 如何对待该事物？ 写作模式（界定说明文） 1) Something may be many things to many people. / People usually view something from different perspectives. (主题引入) 2) Some would prefer to define it as … while others would like to interpret it as … (人们的不同解读) 3) There are still some others who are inclined to regard it as … 4) If seen in its true colors / In a proper sense / In essence, however, something is nothing but …, no matter what… (正确的界定) 5) The key to the issue is the yardstick you use for measuring. (进一步阐述) 6）If you …, you are more likely to … but, if you …, you have more chances to …(进一步阐述) 7) On the other hand, something is also a becoming.(进一步界定) 8) It goes up along with … whereas it goes down together with … (进一步阐述) 9) So there is much need to ... 10) To achieve this / To make it, you’d better learn how to …, which / as …(建议 I) 11) And meanwhile, you may …, after which, you will … (建议 II) 12) But most important / vital for you is … (建议 III)
The True Meaning of Self-worth 1.人们对自我价值的不同界定 2.其正确的定义为 如何培养正确的自我价值观? I)Self- worth may be many things to many people.(主题引入) 2)Some would prefer to define it as the wealth they have piled up while others would like to nterpret it as the social status they enjoy.(人们的不同解读) 3)There are still some others who are inclined to regard it as the esteem of others they ha gained.(人们的进一步解读) 4)If seen in its true colors, however, self-worth, or self-esteem, is nothing but a positive acceptance of your whole self, no matter what you are in society.(正确的界定) 5) The key to the issue is the yardstick you use for measuring.(进一步阐述) 6) If you tend to weigh yourself on the scale of the more successful or the judgment of others, you are more likely to feel down on yourself but, if you love to compare your advantages with others'disadvantages, you have more chances to overestimate your own value进一步阐述) 7) On the other hand,self- worth is also a becoming(进一步界定) 8)It goes up along with more and more worth you prove to society whereas it goes down together with less and less effort you make in what counts to society as well as to your life. (itf- 步阐述) 9)So there is much need to develop a proper self-worth 10)To achieve this, you'd better learn how to reinforce the belief that every individual has unique worth, which awaits his /her discovery (EiX D) 11)And meanwhile, you may choose a goal within your reach and attain it, after which, you will have a better opinion of your self-worth. (iX Il) 12)But most important for you is to build up your self-worth through greater and greater efforts in your study and work(建议II) Section B
The True Meaning of Self-worth 1. 人们对自我价值的不同界定。 2. 其正确的定义为······ 3. 如何培养正确的自我价值观？ 1) Self-worth may be many things to many people. (主题引入) 2) Some would prefer to define it as the wealth they have piled up while others would like to interpret it as the social status they enjoy. (人们的不同解读) 3) There are still some others who are inclined to regard it as the esteem of others they have gained. (人们的进一步解读) 4) If seen in its true colors, however, self-worth, or self-esteem, is nothing but a positive acceptance of your whole self, no matter what you are in society. (正确的界定) 5) The key to the issue is the yardstick you use for measuring. (进一步阐述) 6）If you tend to weigh yourself on the scale of the more successful or the judgment of others, you are more likely to feel down on yourself but, if you love to compare your advantages with others’ disadvantages, you have more chances to overestimate your own value.(进一步阐述) 7) On the other hand, self-worth is also a becoming.(进一步界定) 8) It goes up along with more and more worth you prove to society whereas it goes down together with less and less effort you make in what counts to society as well as to your life. (进一 步阐述) 9) So there is much need to develop a proper self-worth. 10) To achieve this, you’d better learn how to reinforce the belief that every individual has unique worth, which awaits his / her discovery.(建议 I) 11) And meanwhile, you may choose a goal within your reach and attain it, after which, you will have a better opinion of your self-worth. (建议 II) 12) But most important for you is to build up your self-worth through greater and greater efforts in your study and work.(建议 III) Section B