物理化学的建立使化学科学开始拥有了理 论。高等数学首次派上了用场一虽然仅 是一阶的常、偏微分方程而已（以后在经 典统计热力学中用到了概率论) 经典物理化学的理论是唯象的，是有限的 地球空间内宏观化学反应规律的经验总结 30年代量子化学和量子统计力学分支的形 成使化学科学开始与演绎法“沾上了边”。 但在80年代前进展十分缓慢
物理化学的建立使化学科学开始拥有了理 论。高等数学首次派上了用场 — 虽然仅 是一阶的常、偏微分方程而已（以后在经 典统计热力学中用到了概率论） 经典物理化学的理论是唯象的，是有限的 地球空间内宏观化学反应规律的经验总结 30年代量子化学和量子统计力学分支的形 成使化学科学开始与演绎法 “沾上了边 ” 。 但在80年代前进展十分缓慢
量子力学是演绎法最成功的实例 Heisenberg、Schrodinger、Dirac、Born等 于1925w1926创建 每30年代初由von Neumann完成形式理论体 量子力学的建立未依据任何实验事实或经 验规律。它用少数几条基本假定作为公理，由 此出发，通过严格的逻辑演绎，迅速地建成 个自洽、完备、严密的理论体系
Heisenberg、Schrödinger、Dirac、Born等 于1925~1926创建 30年代初由von Neumann完成形式理论体 系 Heisenberg、Schrödinger、Dirac、Born等 于1925~1926创建 30年代初由von Neumann完成形式理论体 系量子力学的建立未依据任何实验事实或经 验规律。它用少数几条基本假定作为公理，由 此出发，通过严格的逻辑演绎，迅速地建成一 个自洽、完备、严密的理论体系 量子力学的建立未依据任何实验事实或经 验规律。它用少数几条基本假定作为公理，由 此出发，通过严格的逻辑演绎，迅速地建成一 个自洽、完备、严密的理论体系 量子力学是演绎法最成功的实例 量子力学是演绎法最成功的实例
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger (1887-1961),Austrian physicist,professor at the universities of Jena,Stuttgart,Graz,Bres- lau.Zurich,Berlin and Vienna.In later years Schrodinger recalled the Zurich period most warmly,in particular,discussions with the mathematician Hermann Weyl and physicist Peter Debye.In 1927 Schrodinger succeeded Max Planck at the University of Berlin,and in 1933 received the Nobel Prize"for the discov- ery of new productive forms of atomic theory". Hating the Nazi regime,he left Germany in 341 (1989),also http://www-history.mcs.st- 1933 and moved to the University of Oxford. andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Schro- However,homesick for his native Austria he dinger.html. went back in 1936 and took a professorship at the University of Graz.Meanwhile Hitler car- Schrodinger's curriculum vitae found in ried out his Anschluss with Austria in 1938, Breslau (now Wroclaw): and Schrodinger even though not a Jew,could have been an easy target as one who fled Ger- "Erwin Schrodinger,bom on Aug.,12,1887 many because of the Nazis.He emigrated to in Vienna,the son of the merchant Rudolf the USA(Princeton),and then to Ireland(In- Schrodinger and his wife nee Lauer.The fam- stitute for Advanced Studies in Dublin),worked ily of my father comes from the Upper Palati- there till 1956,then returned to Austria and re- nate and Wirtemberg region,and the fam- mained there,at the Vienna University,until his ily of my mother from German Hungary and death. (from the maternal side)from England.I at-
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac(1902-1984),British physicist theoretician,professor at universi- ties in Cambridge,and then Oxford.Dirac was keen on hiking and climbing.He used to prac- tise before expeditions by climbing trees near Cambridge,in the black outfit in which always gave his lectures. He spent his last years at the University of Tallahassee (Florida,USA).On being guided through New York City,Dirac remembered old times.The guide remarked that there were been painted pink.Dirac quietly agreed,adding visible changes,among others the buses had that indeed they had,at least from one side
Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-1976)was born in Wurzburg (Germany),attended high school in Munich,then (with his friend Wolf- gang Pauli)studied physics at the Munich University under Sommerfeld's supervision.In 1923 he defended his doctoral thesis on turbu- lence in liquids.Reportedly,during the doctoral examination he had problems writing down the chemical reaction in lead batteries.He joined the laboratory of Max Born at Gottingen (fol- lowing his friend Wolfgang)and in 1924 the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen working under the supervision of Niels Bohr. Soon Professor Helsenberg was invited to SS A lecture dellvered by Niels Bohr decided the headquarters at Prinz Albert Strasse in Berlin. future direction of his work.Heisenberg later The interrogation took place in the basement. wrote:"I was taught optimism by Sommerfeld, On the raw concrete wall there was the in- mathematics in Gottingen,physics by Bohr" teresting slogan "Breath deeply and quietty". In 1925 (only a year after being convinced One of the questioners was a Ph.D.student by Bohr)Heisenberg developed a formalism. from Leipzig,who had once been examined by which became the first successful quantum Heisenberg.The terrified Heisenberg told his theory.Then,in 1926 Heisenberg.Born and mother about the problem.She recalled that Jordan elaborated the formalism,which re- in her youth she had made the acquaintance sulted in a coherent theory ("matrix mechan- of Heinrich Himmler's mother.Frau Heisenberg ics").In 1927 Heisenberg obtained a chair at paid a visit to Frau Himmler and asked her Leipzig University,which he held until 1941 to pass a letter from her son to Himmler.At (when he became director of the Kaiser Wil- the beginning Himmler's mother tried to sepa- helm Physics Institute in Berlin).Heisenberg rate her maternal feelings for her beloved son received the Nobel Prize in 1932 "for the cre- from politics.She was finally convinced after ation of quantum mechanics,the application of Frau Heisenberg said "we mothers should care which has,Inter alla,led to the discovery of the about our boys".After a certain time,Helsen- allotropic forms of hydrogen. berg recelved a letter from Himmler saying