Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides or simple sugars opolyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses polyhydroxyketones or ketoses Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides hydrolyze to many monosaccharide units. E.g.,starch and cellulose have 1000 glucose units
Classification of Carbohydrates ◼Monosaccharides or simple sugars ⚫polyhydroxyaldehydes or aldoses ⚫polyhydroxyketones or ketoses ◼Disaccharides can be hydrolyzed to two monosaccharides. ◼Polysaccharides hydrolyze to many monosaccharide units. ⚫E.g., starch and cellulose have > 1000 glucose units
Sugars in Fruits 20 Sugar of total fruit weight (Fennema,1985 High in fructose;other sugars present also ☐glucose 1816 ■fructose ▣sucrose ▣a11 8 苹果 葡萄 桃 梨 樱桃 草莓
0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 wt% sugar 苹 果 葡 萄 桃 梨 樱 桃 草 莓 glucose fructose sucrose all ◼% Sugar of total fruit weight (Fennema, 1985 ) ◼High in fructose; other sugars present also Sugars in Fruits
Sugars in Vegetables Sugar of total vegetable weight(Fennema,1985) 7 Vegetables less sweet,higher in sucrose 6 ☐glucose Ie3ns 5 ☐fructose □sucrose ▣a11 置 3 2 1 n 思 018004 出 1MS 2u1 花椰菜 利马豆
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 wt% sugar beet broccoli onion spinach swt corn swt potato tomato lima beans pea glucose fructose sucrose all Sugars in Vegetables ◼% Sugar of total vegetable weight (Fennema, 1985) ◼Vegetables less sweet, higher in sucrose 花椰菜 利马豆
Sugars in Processed I Foods Sugar of total food weight 70 60 Glucose ☑Glucose,/Fructose 50 ☐Sucrose □Lactose 40 All sugars 30 20 10 0 Tomato Ketchup Canned J Milk Ice Yogurt Sauce 调味蕃茄酱 Corn 果酱 Cream
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 Tomato Sauce Ketchup Canned Corn Jam Milk Ice Cream Yogurt % Sugar Glucose Glucose/Fructose Sucrose Lactose All sugars Sugars in Processed Foods ◼% Sugar of total food weight 调味蕃茄酱 果酱
Monosaccharides Classified by: ●aldose or ketose onumber of carbons in chain oconfiguration of chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group CHO CH,OH C=0 H OH glucose,a D-aldohexose HO H HO H H OH H OH fructose,a H OH D-ketohexose OH => CH2OH CH2OH
Monosaccharides ◼Classified by: ⚫aldose or ketose ⚫number of carbons in chain ⚫configuration of chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group glucose, a D-aldohexose fructose, a D-ketohexose =>