Book Two Unit nine eview Students all over the world dream of what will happen in their future. Many hope to travel abroad where they can both use their education and earn a good salary. Large, modern countries like English and America welcome such graduates, making it easy for them to enter the country and easy for them to find good jobs. Are such countries being generous, or are these opportunities some kind of international crime? Are these students who go overseas"lucky", or are they being bad citizens'"? Our first reading was written by a man from India He discusses what happens pack home"as a developing nation's best minds leave to look for a better life Finally, he suggests that technology companies( who employ many of these foreign graduates)should do something to help the developing world Warm-up questions 1. What is brain drain? 2. What are the possible reasons for brain drain? Is it possible to solve this problem? Then how to solve it? brain drain: This refers to a movement of large numbers of highly skilled or professional people from the country where they are trained to other countries where they can earn more money, Brain drain is the important species of the entire genus of brain migration from LDCs. The term 'brain drain' is a loaded and pejorative, suggestive of loss of vital resources, without compensation(Adaars, 1968). It is a loaded journalistic term and it is unfortunate that it was every used in scientific discussion. It is one way permanent migration of skilled people mostly from LDCs to DCs. The manpower involved as brain drain is usually under utilized in the home country Section A Text Structure analysis 1. Making contrasts for different purposes Writers use contrast to do different things. For instance. the contrast between Paragraph 7 and Paragraph 8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Paragraph 17 the sharp contrast between Indias remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of Ind ia's interior framework (ie, public facilities)draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference 2. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence a writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paragraphs 7 and 8. It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Paragraph 17 Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. Consider the following This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of
Book Two Unit Nine Preview Students all over the world dream of what will happen in their future. Many hope to travel abroad where they can both use their education and earn a good salary. Large, modern countries like English and America welcome such graduates, making it easy for them to enter the country and easy for them to find good jobs. Are such countries being generous, or are these opportunities some kind of international crime? Are these students who go overseas “lucky”, or are they being “bad citizens”? Our first reading was written by a man from India. He discusses what happens “back home” as a developing nation’s best minds leave to look for a better life. Finally, he suggests that technology companies (who employ many of these foreign graduates) should do something to help the developing world. Warm-up questions 1. What is brain drain? 2. What are the possible reasons for brain drain? Is it possible to solve this problem? Then, how to solve it? brain drain: This refers to a movement of large numbers of highly skilled or professional people from the country where they are trained to other countries where they can earn more money. Brain drain is the important species of the entire genus of brain migration from LDCs. The term `brain drain' is a loaded and pejorative, suggestive of loss of vital resources, without compensation (Adaars,1968). It is a loaded journalistic term and it is unfortunate that it was every used in scientific discussion. It is one way permanent migration of skilled people mostly from LDCs to DCs. The manpower involved as brain drain is usually under utilized in the home country. Section A Text Structure Analysis 1. Making contrasts for different purposes Writers use contrast to do different things. For instance, the contrast between Paragraph 7 and Paragraph 8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Paragraph 17 the sharp contrast between India’s remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of India’s interior framework (i.e., public facilities) draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference. 2. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence A writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paragraphs 7 and 8. It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Paragraph 17. Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. Consider the following examples: “This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of
market economics. (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) In other words. the new leaders favor market economics instead economIc nperlallsm Indians now put flowers around Bill Gates'neck and offer him the kind of reception once offered only to the Queen. (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) Putting the contrast differently: Instead of throwing out "Microsoft products( examples of imperialism), Ind ians now give Microsofts Chairman a"royal "welcome when he visits ind ia Writing skill The writing method of making contrast between two things is very common in argumentation. Signals of contrast on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast whereas, unlike, yet, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast, but, nevertheless, still, by compariso (11 First of all, oral English is usua lly considered informal. So no matter how poor one's language is and how strange and foreign one's pronunciation is, it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood. Secondly, as to the audience, they are only interested in grasping th e meaning. not act mind. or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes. Furthermore, oral English is also regarded adaptable. When we cannot express something precisely, we ay give the explanation of it instead, or correct the mistakes on English gives less chances of misunderstand ing Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal. It requires good spell ing and perfect grammar. Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling d ifficulty. They would be confused about what writers are getting at. In add ition, once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned, writers can no longer make any changes. To avoid this, one has to pay much attention to spelling, practice grammar and write clearly--constructed paragraphs. As a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English New words drain n.1.[C] anything that continuously uses up sb.'s strength, time, money, etc 不断消耗(力量、时间、金钱)的事 the drain of young talent by emigration移民导致的青年人才流失 Military spend ing is a huge drain on the country's resources 军费开支是对这个国家财源的巨大消耗 2IC] a pipe to carry away the unwanted water排水管(道),下水道 Your kitchen drain has become blocked by tea leaves 你家厨房的排水管被茶叶堵上了 v.(cause to)become dry as water or sth. similar flows off; (cause to) flow away
2 market economics.” (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) In other words, the new leaders favor market economics instead of economic imperialism. “Indians now put flowers around Bill Gates’ neck and offer him the kind of reception once offered only to the Queen.” (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) Putting the contrast differently: Instead of “throwing out” Microsoft products (as examples of imperialism), Indians now give Microsoft’s Chairman a “royal” welcome when he visits India. Writing Skill The writing method of making contrast between two things is very common in argumentation. Signals of contrast on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, unlike, yet, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast, but, nevertheless, still, by comparison 【例】First of all, oral English is usually considered informal. So no matter how poor one′s language is and how strange and foreign one′s pronunciation is, it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood. Secondly, as to the audience, they are only interested in grasping the meaning, not actually mind, or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes. Furthermore, oral English is also regarded adaptable. When we cannot express something precisely, we may give the explanation of it instead, or correct the mistakes on the spot. So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding. Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal. It requires good spelling and perfect grammar. Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty. They would be confused about what writers are getting at. In addition, once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned, writers can no longer make any changes. To avoid this, one has to pay much attention to spelling, practice grammar and write clearly—constructed paragraphs. As a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English. New Words drain n. 1.[C] anything that continuously uses up sb.'s strength, time, money, etc. 不断消耗（力量、时间、金钱）的事 the drain of young talent by emigration.移民导致的青年人才流失 －Military spending is a huge drain on the country's resources. 军费开支是对这个国家财源的巨大消耗。 2.[C] a pipe to carry away the unwanted water 排水管（道），下水道 －Your kitchen drain has become blocked by tea leaves. 你家厨房的排水管被茶叶堵上了。 v. (cause to) become dry as water or sth. similar flows off; (cause to) flow away
(使)渐渐流干,(使)逐渐流出 We drained the pool and filled it with pure water 我们将池塘里的水排干,然后又注入了干净水。 The day's events completely drained me of all strength 这天的事情使我精疲力竭 congress: NPC; meeting; conference: press conference advanced al. not elementary高级的,高深的,程度高的 the advanced education/ higher education高等教育 advanced mathematics高等数学 2 highly developed先进的 advanced teaching methods.先进的教学方法 ad vanced ideas先进的思想 Immigrant n[c a person who has come into a foreign country in order to live there permanently(外来)移民,侨民 New York has a huge number of immigrants.纽约有许多外来移民。 Immigrants who do not have official papers are sent back to the country if they are caught 未经官方批准的移民一经发现即被遣送回国。 immigrate v. To send or introduce as immigrants:当作移民派出或引入: Britain immigrated many colonists to the New world 英国把大量殖民者移居到了新大陆。 emigrate: leave one's own country to go and live in another e.g. emigrate from Britain to Australia to find work emigrant: person who emigrates namely ad(and) that is( to say)即,即是 Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter 只有一个学生通过了考试,就是彼得 Switzerland is surrounded by four neighbors, namely, France, Germany, Austria and Ital 瑞士有四个邻国,即法国、德国、奥地利和意大利 【试题】 There are three colors in the british flag, red. white and blue A shortly B namely C. as follows D. such The full text reads as follows commercial commerc[e]商业+-il形容词后缀,…的 a.l. of business practices and activities generally商业(上)的,商务的 commercial depression商业萧条 commercial school商业学校 commercial company贸易公司 commercial law商业法 2. making or intended to make a profit商业性的,赢利或以赢利为目的的 Her novels are well written and they have good commercial value as well 她的小说写得很好,而且销路也不错。 n. an ad vertisement on television or radio.在电视或无线电上的广告 -The aim of the repetitions of the same commercial on telev ision is nothing
3 (使)渐渐流干，（使）逐渐流出 －We drained the pool and filled it with pure water. 我们将池塘里的水排干，然后又注入了干净水。 －The day's events completely drained me of all strength. 这天的事情使我精疲力竭 congress: NPC; meeting; conference: press conference advanced a.1. not elementary 高级的，高深的，程度高的 the advanced education / higher education 高等教育; advanced mathematics 高等数学 2. highly developed 先进的 advanced teaching methods. 先进的教学方法 advanced ideas 先进的思想 immigrant n.[C] a person who has come into a foreign country in order to live there permanently （外来）移民，侨民 －New York has a huge number of immigrants. 纽约有许多外来移民。 －Immigrants who do not have official papers are sent back to their country if they are caught. 未经官方批准的移民一经发现即被遣送回国。 immigrate v. To send or introduce as immigrants:当作移民派出或引入： －Britain immigrated many colonists to the New World. 英国把大量殖民者移居到了新大陆。 emigrate: leave one’s own country to go and live in another e.g. emigrate from Britain to Australia to find work emigrant: person who emigrates namely ad.(and) that is (to say) 即，即是 －Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter. 只有一个学生通过了考试，就是彼得。 －Switzerland is surrounded by four neighbors, namely, France, Germany, Austria and Italy. 瑞士有四个邻国，即法国、德国、奥地利和意大利。 【试题】There are three colors in the British flag, _____ red, white and blue. A. shortly B. namely C. as follows D. such as The full text reads as follows. commercial commerc[e]商业+ -ial 形容词后缀，…的 a.1. of business practices and activities generally 商业（上）的，商务的 commercial depression 商业萧条 commercial school 商业学校 commercial company 贸易公司 commercial law 商业法 2. making or intended to make a profit 商业性的，赢利或以赢利为目的的 －Her novels are well written and they have good commercial value as well. 她的小说写得很好，而且销路也不错。 n. An advertisement on television or radio.在电视或无线电上的广告 －The aim of the repetitions of the same commercial on television is nothing
but to brainwash consumers into compulsive consumption 电视上反复地播放同一个广告的目的无非是想宣传得使消费者非用不可 leadership: under the leadership of skilled:通常是指受过正规训练,有多年实践经验,而掌握某项专门技术 skillful:指人聪明,做事很灵巧,尤指手的灵巧. n1.[C a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done规定,条款 Both sides have to act accord ing to the provisions of the agreement 双方都应按照协议条款办事 2.(pl) supplies of food and other necessary things给养,供应物 Provisions are plentiful.物资充足。 3. [U] giving, lending, supply ing or making sth available; providing sth 提供,供应,供给 The provision of good public transport will be necessary for developing the area 提供良好的公共交通对这个地区的发展将是必要的 provide v.1. provide against为.作好准备,预防(灾荒,困难) provide against flood防洪 2. provide for a.提供生活费;养活b.为作准备,防备c.规定 We provided food for the hungry children我们为饥饿的孩子们提供食物。 e with给.提供;以装备 Sheep provide us with wool羊供给我们羊毛 n[C] a person who formally applies for or requests sth, esp. a job or a place at college or university申请人 an applicant for ad mission to a school入学申请者 an applicant for Party membership入党申请者 ob applicant 求职人员 appl y v.1. give or have an effect; use for a purpose(使)产生作用,适用于;运用 The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings 勤俭节约的原则适用于一切事业 2 icially申请 i want to apply for the job.我想申请这项工作。 3. cause to work hard; devote致力于 The new comer applied his mind to the job.新来的职员工作专心致志。 Students should apply themselves to their study 学生们应该专心致志地学习。 application n1.- This has no application to the case.这不适用于那个案子。 2.-The unemployed engineer wrote a dozen applications for jobs but got nothing失业的工程师一连写了十几份求职信,但一无所获
4 but to brainwash consumers into compulsive consumption. 电视上反复地播放同一个广告的目的无非是想宣传得使消费者非用不可。 leadership: under the leadership of skilled: 通常是指受过正规训练，有多年实践经验，而掌握某项专门技术； skillful: 指人聪明，做事很灵巧， 尤指手的灵巧。 provision n.1. [C] a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done 规定，条款 －Both sides have to act according to the provisions of the agreement. 双方都应按照协议条款办事。 2. (pl.) supplies of food and other necessary things 给养，供应物 －Provisions are plentiful. 物资充足。 3. [U] giving, lending, supplying or making sth. available; providing sth. 提供，供应，供给 －The provision of good public transport will be necessary for developing the area. 提供良好的公共交通对这个地区的发展将是必要的。 provide v. 1. provide against 为...作好准备, 预防(灾荒, 困难) provide against flood 防洪 2. provide for a. 提供生活费; 养活 b. 为...作准备, 防备 c. 规定 －We provided food for the hungry children.我们为饥饿的孩子们提供食物。 3. provide with 给...提供; 以...装备 －Sheep provide us with wool. 羊供给我们羊毛。 applicant n.[C] a person who formally applies for or requests sth., esp. a job or a place at college or university 申请人 an applicant for admission to a school 入学申请者 an applicant for Party membership 入党申请者 job applicant 求职人员 apply v. 1. give or have an effect; use for a purpose （使）产生作用, 适用于; 运用 —The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings. 勤俭节约的原则适用于一切事业。 2. request officially 申请 —I want to apply for the job. 我想申请这项工作。 3. cause to work hard; devote 致力于 —The new comer applied his mind to the job. 新来的职员工作专心致志。 —Students should apply themselves to their study. 学生们应该专心致志地学习。 application n 1. —This has no application to the case. 这不适用于那个案子。 2. —The unemployed engineer wrote a dozen applications for jobs but got nothing. 失业的工程师一连写了十几份求职信,但一无所获
3. -If you show application to your studies, you will succeed 如果你能勤奋读书,必会成功 reference n.1.IC] a statement,etc. speaking of or mentioning sb /sth.(与to连用)提及;涉 及 She made frequent references to her promotion.她时常提到她的升迁。 2.[U] information or instructions to look at for help查看,查阅,参考 a reference library阅览室,资料室 reference book参考书,工具书 with reference to: about v. To mention in a reference; refer to:提及提到以供参考;指· He referenced her book in his speech.他在讲话中提及了她的书。 【试题】 In his speech he to the great help the club received from supporters A referred B. mentioned C commented D. remarked Refer to提到; mention直接跟名词从句作宾语; comment and remark后 面跟介词on或从句 lucrative a. bringing in plenty of money; profitable赚钱的,可获利的 a lucrative income a lucrative marketing strategy 笔利润收入 套赢利的市场策略 Independence nU] state of not being dependent on others独立,自主,自立 Independence Day美国独立纪念日 be independent of与.无关;不依赖;不取决于;不受.限制制约] I am perfectly independent of him be dependent on1)依靠2)随而定;依而转移 All effects are dependent on their causes.一切的结果都基于它们的原因 era n [C] a period of time that is marked by particular events or developments 时代,历史时期,指历史上独立的时代。 the era of space travel太空旅行时代 We are now in a great new era of information 我们现在正处于一个新的伟大的信息时代 age代:时代:人类历史的一个时代或时期,以其独有的特征或成就为标志: the Stone age the computer age 石器时代 电脑时代 epoch1)(新)时代;(新)纪 2)值得纪念的事件时期(某一特定历史阶段的)开创时期 mark[om] an epoch in science开辟科学上的新纪元 an entire historical epoch 整个历史时代代; dj. epoch-making, epoch-marking 划时代的 1 most important最重要的,主要的,根本的
5 3. —If you show application to your studies, you will succeed. 如果你能勤奋读书, 必会成功。 reference n.1. [C] a statement, etc. speaking of or mentioning sb./sth.（与 to 连用）提及；涉 及 －She made frequent references to her promotion. 她时常提到她的升迁。 2. [U] information or instructions to look at for help 查看，查阅，参考 a reference library 阅览室，资料室 reference book 参考书，工具书 with reference to : about v. To mention in a reference; refer to: 提及提到以供参考；指…： －He referenced her book in his speech. 他在讲话中提及了她的书。 【试题】In his speech he ______ to the great help the club received from supporters. A. referred B. mentioned C. commented D. remarked Refer to 提到; mention 直接跟名词从句作宾语; comment and remark 后 面跟介词 on 或从句. lucrative a. bringing in plenty of money; profitable 赚钱的，可获利的 a lucrative income; a lucrative marketing strategy. 一笔利润收入； 一套赢利的市场策略 independence n.[U] state of not being dependent on others 独立，自主，自立 Independence Day 美国独立纪念日 be independent of 与...无关; 不依赖; 不取决于; 不受...限制[制约] －I am perfectly independent of him. be dependent on 1) 依靠 2)随...而定; 依...而转移 －All effects are dependent on their causes. 一切的结果都基于它们的原因。 era n.[C] a period of time that is marked by particular events or developments 时代，历史时期, 指历史上独立的时代。 the era of space travel 太空旅行时代 －We are now in a great new era of information. 我们现在正处于一个新的伟大的信息时代。 age 代；时代；人类历史的一个时代或时期，以其独有的特征或成就为标志： the Stone Age; the computer age. 石器时代； 电脑时代 epoch 1) (新)时代; (新)纪元; 2) 值得纪念的事件[时期]; (某一特定历史阶段的)开创时期 mark [form] an epoch in science 开辟科学上的新纪元 an entire historical epoch 整个历史时代代； adj. epoch-making, epoch-marking 划时代的 prime a.1. most important 最重要的，主要的，根本的