实验十三免疫化学实验 免疫化学实验包括免疫血清的制备、沉淀反应定量法、对流免疫电泳、单向定量免疫电 泳(火箭电泳)、双向定量免疫电泳(交叉免疫电泳)、微量免疫电泳以及单向双向免疫扩散、 酶联免疫吸附测定等。从内容上看这几个实验具有一定的连贯性,是免疫化学最基本的实验 方法 实验()免疫血清的制备 实验目的:制备抗特定抗原的动物抗血清。 器材与试剂: 1.实验动物:兔子(2500~3000克) 2.抗原:(小牛血清) 3.佐剂:福氏完全佐剂 4.乳化搅拌器 5.注射器及针头 6.手术器械:剪刀,手术刀,线,血管钳,塑料导管(∞2mm) 7.恒温箱 8.离心机及离心管 9.三角瓶(100ml) 10.酒精棉球 1l.叠氮化钠(NaN3) 12.pH72磷酸缓冲生理盐水(PBS) 三,实验方法 制备高效价和高特异性的免疫血清是免疫化学实验的第一步,免疫血清也是免疫学实验 必不可少的生物制剂。实验程序包括动物免疫注射,抗血清效价的测定,全部放血及血清的 分离与保存四步。 1.免疫兔子
264 实验十三 免疫化学实验 免疫化学实验包括免疫血清的制备、沉淀反应定量法、对流免疫电泳、单向定量免疫电 泳(火箭电泳)、双向定量免疫电泳(交叉免疫电泳)、微量免疫电泳以及单向双向免疫扩散、 酶联免疫吸附测定等。从内容上看这几个实验具有一定的连贯性,是免疫化学最基本的实验 方法。 实验(一) 免疫血清的制备 一. 实验目的:制备抗特定抗原的动物抗血清。 二. 器材与试剂: 1. 实验动物:兔子(2500~3000 克) 2. 抗原:(小牛血清) 3. 佐剂:福氏完全佐剂 4. 乳化搅拌器 5. 注射器及针头 6. 手术器械:剪刀,手术刀,线,血管钳,塑料导管(2mm) 7. 恒温箱 8. 离心机及离心管 9. 三角瓶(100ml) 10. 酒精棉球 11. 叠氮化钠(NaN3) 12. pH 7.2 磷酸缓冲生理盐水(PBS) 三. 实验方法 制备高效价和高特异性的免疫血清是免疫化学实验的第一步,免疫血清也是免疫学实验 必不可少的生物制剂。实验程序包括动物免疫注射,抗血清效价的测定,全部放血及血清的 分离与保存四步。 1.免疫兔子
免疫周次[不完全佐剂ml 抗原 pBS(m)灭活结核杆菌免疫用量 注射部位 石蜡油 毛脂小牛血清(m) 四只脚 腋窝腹股沟脊背 耳缘静脉 福氏完全佐剂常用的制备方法有研磨法和注射器法两种。研磨法方法如下:将经高压除 菌的石蜡油0.5m和羊毛脂1.5ml放入无菌的乳钵内,再慢慢滴入小牛血清。PBS及已灭活 的结核杆菌,边滴边研磨,直至成为乳白色粘稠的油包水乳剂。检验方法是取一滴乳剂滴入 水面(冷水),如不扩散,则完全佐剂已研磨成功。此配方为一只兔子的免疫用量,也可按 比例多组联合研磨。注射器法:将两个注射器中间接上一根短的胶皮,注射器左右推拉 使注射器内的溶剂充分乳化,直至形成油包水乳剂。 2.免疫血清效价的测定 第四周时通过耳缘静脉采血lml,先将血液置室温30分钟,离心(3500rpm)10分钟, 取出血清。用双向免疫扩散法测定抗血清的效价,以确定免疫效果。 3.颈动脉采血 将禁食12小时或隔夜的兔子仰面固定于固定板上,头部放低,暴露出颈部,剪开颈中 部皮肤,约10cm长。沿气管分离皮下组织,直至暴露气管前的胸锁乳突肌。仔细分开胸锁 乳突肌(注意勿剪断小血管),在肌束下面靠近气管两侧,可以看到搏动的颈动脉。取二把 血管钳在血管的远心端(近头部)夹紧,一把夹住近心端的血管(在近心端用线扎好与血管 相连的神经,然后用剪子在二把血管钳中间的血管上剪一小口插入塑料放血管(用线固定) 轻轻放开近心端的止血钳,使血很快射入三角瓶中。直至血流缓慢时(也可用同法在另一侧 动脉内插管放血)将固定板后肢端抬高,增加放血量。 将三角瓶盖好,放置室温一小时,再放4℃过夜,待血块收缩后分离血清(离心3500rpm, 10分钟)。 4.血清的保存 如要长时间存放,56℃灭活,在血清里添加0.1%叠氮化钠,将血清进行小量分装,放 置低温冰箱内保存
265 免疫周次 不完全佐剂(ml) 抗原 小牛血清(ml) PBS(ml) 灭活结核杆菌 免疫用量 ml/只 注射部位 石蜡油 羊毛脂 一 0.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.1-0.2mg/ml 2 四只脚掌 二 0.5 1.5 1 1 2 腋窝 腹股沟 脊背 三 1 1 2 腹腔 四 0.3 0.2 0.5 耳缘静脉 福氏完全佐剂常用的制备方法有研磨法和注射器法两种。研磨法方法如下:将经高压除 菌的石蜡油 0.5ml 和羊毛脂 1.5ml 放入无菌的乳钵内,再慢慢滴入小牛血清。PBS 及已灭活 的结核杆菌,边滴边研磨,直至成为乳白色粘稠的油包水乳剂。检验方法是取一滴乳剂滴入 水面(冷水),如不扩散,则完全佐剂已研磨成功。此配方为一只兔子的免疫用量,也可按 比例多组联合研磨。 注射器法:将两个注射器中间接上一根短的胶皮,注射器左右推拉, 使注射器内的溶剂充分乳化,直至形成油包水乳剂。 2. 免疫血清效价的测定 第四周时通过耳缘静脉采血 1ml,先将血液置室温 30 分钟,离心(3500rpm)10 分钟, 取出血清。用双向免疫扩散法测定抗血清的效价,以确定免疫效果。 3. 颈动脉采血 将禁食 12 小时或隔夜的兔子仰面固定于固定板上,头部放低,暴露出颈部,剪开颈中 部皮肤,约 10cm 长。沿气管分离皮下组织,直至暴露气管前的胸锁乳突肌。仔细分开胸锁 乳突肌(注意勿剪断小血管),在肌束下面靠近气管两侧,可以看到搏动的颈动脉。取二把 血管钳在血管的远心端(近头部)夹紧,一把夹住近心端的血管(在近心端用线扎好与血管 相连的神经,然后用剪子在二把血管钳中间的血管上剪一小口插入塑料放血管(用线固定), 轻轻放开近心端的止血钳,使血很快射入三角瓶中。直至血流缓慢时(也可用同法在另一侧 动脉内插管放血)将固定板后肢端抬高,增加放血量。 将三角瓶盖好,放置室温一小时,再放 4℃过夜,待血块收缩后分离血清(离心 3500rpm, 10 分钟)。 4.血清的保存 如要长时间存放,56℃灭活,在血清里添加 0.1%叠氮化钠,将血清进行小量分装,放 置低温冰箱内保存
Some commonly used adjuvants Adjuvant Composition and use Freunds complete adjuvant(FCA) Mineral oil containing heat-killed mycobacteria(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Freunds incomplete adjuvant(FIA) Mineral oil Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Alum Complex aluminium salts. There are various ersions of the adjuvant: some can be purchased ready for use(e.g Alhydrogel); others can be prepared in the laboratory by mixing various salts, e. g. NaHCO3, and aluminium potassium sulphate Aqueous Bentonite Wyoming sodium bentonite(Montmorillonite) as gel Aqueous antigen adsorbed to surface Oula Saponin derived from Quillaja saponana Molina(South American tree). Mixed to form a complex with aqueous antigen Muramyl dipeptide(MDP) N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine Mixed with tigen va derivations of MDP are aqueous antigen Monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL Used in various formulations, often as an emulsion with oils. Antigen included in Bacillus pertussis Killed organisms mixed with aqueous
266 Some commonly used adjuvants Adjuvant Composition and use Freund’s complete adjuvant(FCA) Mineral oil containing heat-killed mycobacteria(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Freund’s incomplete adjuvant(FIA) Mineral oil Used as emulsion with aqueous antigen Alum Complex aluminium salts. There are various versions of the adjuvant: some can be purchased ready for use(e.g. Alhydrogel); others can be prepared in the laboratory by mixing various salts, e.g. NaHCO3, and aluminium potassium sulphate. Aqueous antigen is absorbed to gel Bentonite Wyoming sodium bentonite(Montmorillonite) as gel. Aqueous antigen adsorbed to surface Quil A Saponin derived from Quillaja saponana Molina(South American tree). Mixed to form a complex with aqueous antigen. Muramyl dipeptide(MDP) N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. Mixed with aqueous antigen. Various derivations of MDP are aqueous antigen Monophosphoryl lipid A(MPL) Used in various formulations, often as an emulsion with oils. Antigen included in emulsion Bacillus pertussis Killed organisms mixed with aqueous antigen
FCA is probably the most potent adjuvant but may be inappropriate for some purposes. Source: Reproduced from M.A. Kerr and R. Thorpe, Immunochemistry Labfax( 1994), Bios Scientific. Oxford Examples of immunization protocols that have been used successfully Species Priming First boostRest Subsequent eriod( weeks eriod(weeks Mice 5-100μg 2-3 50-100gg3 5-100pμg rats and antigen in antigen in antigen in Fia guinea FCA or FIA. other or PBS, i p, pigs other uvant or S.C.,l.m. or l\ adjuvant, PBS. im o s.C. or L. m. Rabbits|50-250μg|3-4 50-250ug 4 or longer 50-250pg antigen in antigen in antigen in FIa FCA or FIA or or PBS, i.m., other other S.C. or l\ adjuvant, uvant or i.d. i.m. or PBS, i. m, or s c Shee250μg-10mg4 250ug-10mg 4-8 or longer 250μg-10mg and goats antigen in antigen ir antigen in FIA FCA or FIA or or other other adjuvant, adjuvant. adjuvant, s.c. or I.v. s.c. or l.m. ors. c Horses 250ug-50mg 4 250Hg-50mg or longer250ug-50mg n Fl
267 FCA is probably the most potent adjuvant but may be inappropriate for some purposes. Source: Reproduced from M.A.Kerr and R.Thorpe, Immunochemistry Labfax(1994), Bios Scientific, Oxford. Examples of immunization protocols that have been used successfully Species Priming Rest period(weeks) First boost Rest period(weeks) Subsequent boosts Mice, rats and guinea pigs 5-100g antigen in FCA or other adjuvant, s.c. or i.m. 2-3 50-100g antigen in FIA, other adjuvant or PBS, i.m. or s.c. 3 5-100g antigen in FIA or PBS, i.p., s.c., i.m. or i.v. Rabbits 50-250g antigen in FCA or other adjuvant, i.d., i.m. or s.c. 3-4 50-250g antigen in FIA or other adjuvant or PBS, i.m., or s.c. 4 or longer 50-250g antigen in FIA or PBS, i.m., s.c. or i.v. Sheep and goats 250g-10mg antigen in FCA or other adjuvant, i.m.,s.c. or i.d. 4 250g-10mg antigen in FIA or other adjuvant, i.m.or s.c. 4-8 or longer 250g-10mg antigen in FIA or other adjuvant, i.m., s.c.or i.v. Horses and 250g-50mg antigen in 4 250g-50mg antigen in 4-8 or longer 250g-50mg antigen in FIA
donke FCA or FIA or or other other other adjuvant, adjuvant adluvan .. sc I.m., S.C. or l. m or s.c. Primates50μg1mg 50pμglmg|48 or longer 50ug-1mg antigen in antigen in antigen in adjuvant. adjuvant or adjuvant or l. m. or s.c. PBS, I.m., PBS, i.m., S C. or L\ Chickens 30-200ug 2-3 30-200μg|3 or longer 30-200μg antigen in antigen in antigen in Fia FCA or FIA or or other other adjuvant or adjuvant. adjuvant, PBS. i. m. m l. m. FCA, Freunds complete adjuvant; FlA, Freunds incomplete adjuvant; PBs, phosphate-buffered saline ip, intraperitoneally: s.c., subcutaneously; i.m., intramuscularly; iv, intravenously; id, intradermally. Source: Reproduced from M.A. Kerr and R.Thorpe, Immunochemistry Labfax(1994), Bios Scientific, Oxford
268 donkeys FCA or other adjuvant, i.m.,s.c. or i.d. FIA or other adjuvant, i.m.or s.c. or other adjuvant, i.m.or s.c. Primates 50g-1mg antigen in adjuvant, i.m. or s.c. 50g-1mg antigen in adjuvant or PBS, i.m., s.c.or i.v. 4-8 or longer 50g-1mg antigen in adjuvant or PBS, i.m., s.c.or i.d.. Chickens 30-200g antigen in FCA or other adjuvant, i.m. 2-3 30-200g antigen in FIA or other adjuvant, i.m. 3 or longer 30-200g antigen in FIA or other adjuvant or PBS, i.m. FCA, Freund’s complete adjuvant; FIA, Freund’s incomplete adjuvant; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; i.p., intraperitoneally; s.c., subcutaneously; i.m., intramuscularly; i.v., intravenously; i.d., intradermally. Source: Reproduced from M.A.Kerr and R.Thorpe, Immunochemistry Labfax(1994), Bios Scientific, Oxford