Introduction Grammatical hierarchy(语法层次) Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks:the sentence,the clause,the phrase,the word,and the morpheme. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank. Thus the sentence is a grammatical unit that consists of one or more than one clause;the clause,one or more than one phrase;the
1 Introduction Grammatical hierarchy(语法层次) Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks:the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word, and the morpheme. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank. Thus the sentence is a grammatical unit that consists of one or more than one clause; the clause, one or more than one phrase; the
phrase,one or more than one word; and the word,one or more than one morpheme. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank.A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes. For example: 2
2 phrase, one or more than one word; and the word, one or more than one morpheme. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents--- the morphemes. For example:
Sentence Clause NP VP Prep 参 Det N Auxv adv.Mv Prep.Det N These under-graduate-s are rapid-ly improv-ing in their writing. 3
3 Sentence Clause NP VP Prep Det N Auxv adv. Mv Prep. Det N These under-graduate-s are rapid-ly improv-ing in their writing
$(S NP+VP NP Det N VP Vb+NP Vb Aux+V Det {the,a,this,that... N {table,girl,boy,letter,undergraduate ... Aux {will,can,might,should,be ... V {post,repair,buy,teach,sit...} 台MV {main verb}) (next)
4 (S NP+VP NP Det + N VP Vb+NP Vb Aux+V Det {the, a, this, that …} N {table, girl, boy, letter, undergraduate …} Aux {will, can, might, should, be …} V {post, repair, buy, teach, sit …} MV {main verb} ) （next）
1.Morphemes(词素) The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit,also the smallest meaningful element of speech.Morphemes fall into two categories:free morphemes and bound morphemes. 1)Free morphemes A free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word.It can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech.For example:desk,chair, kind,cruel. 5
5 1.Morphemes(词素) The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. Morphemes fall into two categories: free morphemes and bound morphemes. 1)Free morphemes A free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word. It can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech. For example: desk, chair, kind, cruel