Unit 8 Book 3 Competition and cooperation L. Difficult Sentences 1. Dog-eat-dog" rivalries are fueled by "greedy self-interests operating according to" the law of the jungle"in which"survival of the fittest is the only (1)What do the phrases "the law of the jungle"and"survival of the fittest mean (a "The law of the jungle"means everyone cares for himself only b"Survival of the fittest"means only the strongest creatures will stay alive. 2)Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=“贪婪的私利遵循“丛林法则”中“适者生存这唯一的一条定律,使“互 相倾轧”的竞争变本加厉。) 2. But those who deplore free-market competition simply do not understand it What is the authors attitude toward the people who are strongly against free-market competition? eIn the authors opin ion, they don't really know what competition means.) 3. Competitive markets excel at promoting cooperation Paraphrase the sentence (Competitive markets do quite well in encouraging people to cooperate 4. Competition and cooperation exist side by side (1)Translate the sentence (=竞争与合作并存。) (2) Say something more about the usage of"side by side (= This kind of phrases are called“ frequentative words"(重复型成 对词) The two same words can be linked by the conjunction"“and or prepositions such as“in”,"by" and so on. More examples again and again 反复地;屡次地;一再地 through and through 彻底地;全面地 out-and-out 完全的,彻底的 day after day 持续不断地 word for word 逐字逐句地 eye to eye 见解一致 man-to-man 坦诚地 hand in hand 手牵手地,紧密合作
1 Unit 8 Book 3 Competition and Cooperation I. Difficult Sentences 1. “Dog-eat-dog” rivalries are fueled by “greedy self-interests” operating according to “the law of the jungle” in which “survival of the fittest” is the only rule. (1) What do the phrases “the law of the jungle” and “survival of the fittest” mean? (=a. “The law of the jungle” means everyone cares for himself only. b. “Survival of the fittest” means only the strongest creatures will stay alive. (2) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=“贪婪的私利”遵循“丛林法则”中“适者生存”这唯一的一条定律，使“互 相倾轧”的竞争变本加厉。) 2. But those who deplore free-market competition simply do not understand it. What is the author’s attitude toward the people who are strongly against free-market competition? (=In the author’s opinion, they don’t really know what competition means.) 3. Competitive markets excel at promoting cooperation. Paraphrase the sentence. (=Competitive markets do quite well in encouraging people to cooperate.) 4. Competition and cooperation exist side by side. (1) Translate the sentence. (=竞争与合作并存。) (2) Say something more about the usage of “side by side.” (= This kind of phrases are called “frequentative words”(重复型成 对词). The two same words can be linked by the conjunction “and” or prepositions such as “in”, “by” and so on. More examples: again and again 反复地; 屡次地; 一再地 through and through 彻底地；全面地 out-and-out 完全的, 彻底的 day after day 持续不断地 word for word 逐字逐句地 eye to eye 见解一致 man-to-man 坦诚地 hand in hand 手牵手地，紧密合作
5. It follows that we must find some way to decide who gets how much of any scarce goods. Translate the sentence into chinese (=这样我们必须找到某种方式来确定谁该得到多少某种奇缺的商品。 6. We call such bidding competition, but note that such competition differs fundamentally from another kind of"competition (1)What does the first"such"refer to here? (E It refers to what had mentioned in the previous sentence. (2) Compare the two“such” in the sentence (These two words have different parts of speech. the first one is a pronoun while the second one is an adjective. 7. If the owners of General Motors spread nails on the roads leading to Ford factories and dealerships, this is a form of non-economic competition-and a most undesirable form. What is the author's purpose of citing the example of"spreading He just wants to support his argument- sometimes competition is not good. 8. But notice that identically undesirable consequences occur when General Motors and Ford cooperate with each other to lobby successfully for import restrictions on foreign automobiles. Why doesn't the author think much of the "import restriction on foreign automobiles”? (Because in his opinion tariffs hurt consumers too 9. Instead such legislation is typically revered as desirable social What can we infer from this sentence? (From this sentence, we can infer that the author doesn't think much of this kind of legislation. 10. Today, the descendants of the owners of mom-and-pops are surely better off than they would have been had supermarkets never come along (1 )What can we infer from the sentence? (By citing this example, the author just wants to tell us sometimes the competition is not a bad thing (2)What does the author want to tell us when he uses the subjunctive mood here?
2 5. It follows that we must find some way to decide who gets how much of any scarce goods. Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=这样我们必须找到某种方式来确定谁该得到多少某种奇缺的商品。) 6. We call such bidding competition, but note that such competition differs fundamentally from another kind of “competition”… (1) What does the first “such” refer to here? (= It refers to what had mentioned in the previous sentence.) (2) Compare the two “such” in the sentence. (=These two words have different parts of speech. The first one is a pronoun while the second one is an adjective.) 7. If the owners of General Motors spread nails on the roads leading to Ford factories and dealerships, this is a form of non-economic competition—and a most undesirable form. What is the author’s purpose of citing the example of “spreading nails”? (=He just wants to support his argument – sometimes competition is not good.) 8. But notice that identically undesirable consequences occur when General Motors and Ford cooperate with each other to lobby successfully for import restrictions on foreign automobiles. Why doesn’t the author think much of the “import restriction on foreign automobiles” ? (=Because in his opinion tariffs hurt consumers too.) 9. Instead, such legislation is typically revered as desirable social policy. What can we infer from this sentence? (=From this sentence, we can infer that the author doesn’t think much of this kind of legislation.) 10. Today, the descendants of the owners of mom-and-pops are surely better off than they would have been had supermarkets never come along. (1) What can we infer from the sentence? (=By citing this example, the author just wants to tell us sometimes the competition is not a bad thing.) (2) What does the author want to tell us when he uses the subjunctive mood here?
(The author just wants to tell us that supermarkets do exit now (3 )Translate the sentence into Chinese 今天,夫妻店老板的子孙过的生活,肯定比超级市场未 出现时富裕得多。) ll. Words and Expressions 1. cutthroat: adj. very fierce, cruel, or unprincipled At the root of the problems with the old system was cut-throat competition 那是一笔残酷无情的生意。 (That is a cutthroat business. 2. rivalry: n. [ with/between] the state or condition of competing Most of the killings result from gang rivalry (There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia. Collocations friendly rivalry友好竞争 intense/acute/bitter/fierce/keen/ strong rivalry between……间的激烈竞 sibling rivalry手足相争 enter/get into rivalry with sb 开始和某人竞争 stir up rivalry 煸动对立 3. fuel: vt. to make sth. especially sth. bad, increase or become stronger His words fuelled her anger still more 这个预算会加剧通货膨胀,降低我们的生活水平 (This budget will fuel inflation and cut our living standard. 4. pull together: of a group of people to work hard to achieve sth Parents, teachers, and students should all pull together to tackle the school's drug problems ( lf we all pull together, we'll finish on time 5. deplore: vt. to disapprove of sth. very strongly and criticize it ly, especially p The United Nations has issued a statement deploring the continued fighting 她谴责他那那些不道德的行为。 (She deplored his scandalous actions
3 (=The author just wants to tell us that supermarkets do exit now.) (3) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=今天，夫妻店老板的子孙过的生活，肯定比超级市场未 出现时富裕得多。) II. Words and Expressions 1. cutthroat: adj. very fierce, cruel, or unprincipled *At the root of the problems with the old system was cut-throat competition. 那是一笔残酷无情的生意。 (That is a cutthroat business.) 2. rivalry : n. [+ with/between] the state or condition of competing *Most of the killings result from gang rivalry. (=There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia.) Collocations: friendly rivalry 友好竞争 intense/acute/bitter/fierce/keen/strong rivalry between ……间的激烈竞 争 sibling rivalry 手足相争 enter/get into rivalry with sb. 开始和某人竞争 stir up rivalry 煽动对立 3. fuel : vt. to make sth., especially sth. bad, increase or become stronger *His words fuelled her anger still more. 这个预算会加剧通货膨胀，降低我们的生活水平。 (=This budget will fuel inflation and cut our living standard.) 4. pull together: (of a group of people) to work hard to achieve sth. *Parents, teachers, and students should all pull together to tackle the school's drug problems. (=If we all pull together, we'll finish on time.) 5. deplore: vt. to disapprove of sth. very strongly and criticize it severely, especially publicly *The United Nations has issued a statement deploring the continued fighting. 她谴责他那那些不道德的行为。 (=She deplored his scandalous actions. )
6. as a result of: because of As many as 2, 500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be cancelled. 7. spin: v. to make(thread) by twisting(cotton, wool, etc. ) produce in a threadlike form They spun a coin to decide who should start 标志牌在风中打着旋儿。 (The sign was spinning round and round in the wind Collocations somebody' s head is spinning 头昏脑胀 I was pouring with sweat, and my head was spinning 我汗流浃背,头昏脑胀。 spin a tale/storylyarn 编故事 The old sailor loves to spin yarns about his life at sea. 那老水手爱信口开河地讲他的航海生涯 spin off (从旋转体中)甩出;派生出 The wheel spun off and the car crashed into a tree. 车轮甩了出去,汽车撞到一棵树上。 spin out 拉长;拖延;使(金钱)尽可能多维持些日子 He spun out his speech for an extra five minutes 他把发言延长了5分钟 We were able to spin our money out until the end of our holiday 我们能使钱维持到假期结束。 CF: spin, rotate, revolve& roll 这些动词均有“转动”、“旋转”之意。 spin指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转,或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。 rotate强调指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转,即自转。 revoⅣve强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转,即公转。 ro指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚 (Directions: )Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. 1)The ballinto the street. rolled) (2) The Earth on its axis once every 24 hours. rotates (3) The boy was around in his father's desk chair spinning) (4)The Earth round the sun. revolves) 8. coordinate: V. to make(people or things) work together, especially so
4 6. as a result of: because of *As many as 2,500 people died as a result of the earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves. (=As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.) 7. spin: v. to make (thread) by twisting (cotton, wool, etc.); produce in a threadlike form *They spun a coin to decide who should start. 标志牌在风中打着旋儿。 (=The sign was spinning round and round in the wind.) Collocations: somebody's head is spinning 头昏脑胀 *I was pouring with sweat, and my head was spinning. 我汗流浃背，头昏脑胀。 spin a tale/story/yarn 编故事 *The old sailor loves to spin yarns about his life at sea. 那老水手爱信口开河地讲他的航海生涯。 spin off （从旋转体中）甩出；派生出 *The wheel spun off and the car crashed into a tree. 车轮甩了出去，汽车撞到一棵树上。 spin out 拉长；拖延；使（金钱）尽可能多维持些日子 *He spun out his speech for an extra five minutes. 他把发言延长了 5 分钟。 *We were able to spin our money out until the end of our holidays. 我们能使钱维持到假期结束。 CF: spin, rotate, revolve & roll 这些动词均有“转动”、“旋转”之意。 spin 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。 rotate 强调指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。 revolve 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。 roll 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. (1) The ball ___into the street.(= rolled) (2) The Earth _____on its axis once every 24 hours. (= rotates) (3) The boy was _____ around in his father's desk chair. (= spinning) (4) The Earth ____round the sun. (= revolves) 8. coordinate: v. to make (people or things) work together, especially so
as to increase effectiveness The Red Cross is coordinating relief aid to the refugees 在那个著名的医院里有一批相互配合得很好的护理人员。 In the famous hospital, there is a nursing staff that coordinates smoothly. 9. globe: n (1)the Earth The cities were beautiful and adorned with all the fine th ings of the globe (2)a round object with a map of the Earth drawn on it 那时候,学校的每个教室里都有一个大大的地球仪 (At that time in every classroom of the school there was a big globe. 10. privilege: n. a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people eA good education should not just be a privilege of the rich. *在这条街上停车是此处居民特有的权利 (Parking in this street is the privilege of the residents. Collocations an exclusive privilege 独有的特权 diplomatic privileges 外交特权 abuse a privilege 滥用特权 accordlaward sb a privilege 给某人特权 offer special privileges 提供特殊优惠 CF: privilege right 这两个名词均含“权利”之意 privilege指特许或恩施的权利,也指一般人或物所没有的有利条件 right普通用词,指某人或某物拥有符合法律、道义或道德的权利。 (Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words above. change the form where necessary. (1) Everyone has the to a good basic education. right) (2)a good education should not just be a of the rich privilege) (3 Free speech is a basic in a democratic society. right) 11. parallel: vt. to be similar to His career parallels that of his father. 他的表演举世无匹。 EHis performance has never been paralleled
5 as to increase effectiveness *The Red Cross is coordinating relief aid to the refugees. 在那个著名的医院里有一批相互配合得很好的护理人员。 (=In the famous hospital, there is a nursing staff that coordinates smoothly.) 9. globe : n. (1) the Earth *The cities were beautiful and adorned with all the fine things of the globe. (2) a round object with a map of the Earth drawn on it 那时候，学校的每个教室里都有一个大大的地球仪。 (=At that time in every classroom of the school there was a big globe.) 10. privilege: n. a special advantage that is given only to one person or group of people (= A good education should not just be a privilege of the rich.) *在这条街上停车是此处居民特有的权利。 (=Parking in this street is the privilege of the residents.) Collocations: an exclusive privilege 独有的特权 diplomatic privileges 外交特权 abuse a privilege 滥用特权 accord/award sb. a privilege 给某人特权 offer special privileges 提供特殊优惠 CF: privilege & right 这两个名词均含“权利”之意。 privilege 指特许或恩施的权利，也指一般人或物所没有的有利条件。 right 普通用词，指某人或某物拥有符合法律、道义或道德的权利。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary. (1) Everyone has the ____ to a good basic education. (=right) (2) A good education should not just be a ______ of the rich. (= privilege) (3) Free speech is a basic ______ in a democratic society. (=right) 11. parallel: vt. to be similar to *His career parallels that of his father. 他的表演举世无匹。 (=His performance has never been paralleled.)