Skills to deal with figurative expressions in Chinese 汉语历来有使用形象加强表达的传统，例如说某个干部升级太快，形象说成是坐直升机上去了因 此即使在极其正式的政治经济文件中也不时闪现出这类活泼，生动的表达.在汉泽英中，就必须做到能 娴熟地按英语的习惯选用贴切的词语，将那些不能直接转换的形象所能指称的意义准确地解读出来， A.Loss of image (1)建立”一站式服务中心，为外国投资者提供审批业务”一条龙"服务。 Set up the "One-Stop"Service Center to provide a coordinated process service for foreign investors in obtaining approval. (2)旅游搭台，经贸唱戏，形成我市独特的经济开发格局。 Our city's economy has grown into a pattern of its own,with tourism paving a way for trade and economic fair. (3)严格依法治税，做到应收尽收，堵塞"跑，冒，滴，漏"。 We need to strictly abide by law in tax administration,so that all taxes due are collected,and tax evasion and fraud are prevented."跑，冒，滴，漏"这四个字眼形象鲜活，几乎囊括了"偷税漏 税"的所有伎俩，但英语却不好表达，这一方面是价值观不同，西方人认为拿钱缴税是天经地义的 事，用不着这方面花心思，二是英语中确实无此词义搭配，"tax既不能"run","fake”,也不能"drop "leak",因而翻译时只能将汉语的具体描绘转换为抽象表达，用"逃税骗税"一言以蔽之。 (4)信息爆炸为那些迟迟不行动正在寻求借口的人撑了腰。The data explosion fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction."撑了腰"没有在英语中得以体现，意义却如实传送。 B.形像在目的语中再现 当原语承载喻义下的形象与译语同一喻义下的形象完全吻合时，则可直译.一种是舶来品，即：说法 是别人的，没有经过内化处理.此类的例子还有：终极设计(terminate design)),高端采访high-end interview,高峰会议summit meeting影子内阁shadow cabinet,. (1)中国经济成功地进行了"软着陆”，这是宏观经济调控的结果 The Chinese economy has successfully made a "soft landing".a result of macroeconomic control. (2)调查有两种方法，一种是走马观花，一种是下马观花. There are two ways of making investigation,one is to look at flowers on horseback and the other is to get off your horse and look at them. "走马”与“下马"刚好形成对照，加上骑马也是汉，英民族生活中很熟悉的事情，所以直译恰到好 处
Skills to deal with figurative expressions in Chinese 汉语历来有使用形象加强表达的传统,例如:说某个干部升级太快,形象说成是坐直升机上去了因 此,即使在极其正式的政治,经济文件中也不时闪现出这类活泼,生动的表达. 在汉译英中,就必须做到能 娴熟地按英语的习惯选用贴切的词语,将那些不能直接转换的形象所能指称的意义准确地解读出来. A. Loss of image （1)建立 "一站式" 服务中心,为外国投资者提供审批业务 "一条龙" 服务. Set up the "One-Stop" Service Center to provide a coordinated process service for foreign investors in obtaining approval. （2) 旅游搭台,经贸唱戏,形成我市独特的经济开发格局. Our city’s economy has grown into a pattern of its own, with tourism paving a way for trade and economic fair. （3) 严格依法治税，做到应收尽收，堵塞"跑，冒，滴，漏"。 We need to strictly abide by law in tax administration, so that all taxes due are collected, and tax evasion and fraud are prevented. "跑，冒，滴，漏"这四个字眼形象鲜活，几乎囊括了"偷税漏 税"的所有伎俩，但英语却不好表达，这一方面是价值观不同，西方人认为拿钱缴税是天经地义的 事，用不着这方面花心思，二是英语中确实无此词义搭配，"tax"既不能"run", "fake",也不能"drop", "leak",因而翻译时只能将汉语的具体描绘转换为抽象表达，用"逃税骗税"一言以蔽之。 （4)信息爆炸为那些迟迟不行动正在寻求借口的人撑了腰。The data explosion fortifies those seeking excuses for inaction. "撑了腰"没有在英语中得以体现，意义却如实传送。 B. 形象在目的语中再现 当原语承载喻义下的形象与译语同一喻义下的形象完全吻合时,则可直译.一种是舶来品,即:说法 是别人的,没有经过内化处理.此类的例子还有: 终极设计 (terminate design), 高端采访high-end interview,高峰会议 summit meeting 影子内阁shadow cabinet。 （1)中国经济成功地进行了 "软着陆", 这是宏观经济调控的结果. The Chinese economy has successfully made a "soft landing", a result of macroeconomic control. （2)调查有两种方法,一种是走马观花,一种是下马观花. There are two ways of making investigation, one is to look at flowers on horseback and the other is to get off your horse and look at them. "走马" 与 "下马"刚好形成对照,加上骑马也是汉,英民族生活中很熟悉的事情,所以直译恰到好 处
(3)在知识时代，知识是敲门砖。 In the Information Age,knowledge can be Midas Touch. 通过形象转换，较好地用英语中"点金术移植了汉语的"敲门砖”。 (4)他把他爸视为摇钱树。 He thinks of his father as an ATM. 形象切换，意义等同。不同形象反映了不同的文化社会现象。前者映射农耕文化，后者为现代 商品经济文化。 第四节依据上下文，选择词义 Translation never takes place in a vacuum;it always happens in a continuum,and the context in which the translation takes place necessarily affects how the translation is made.Just as the norms and constraints of the source culture play their part in the creation of the source text. 尽管一个词汇的所指意义在词典中有时能查出多种，一词多意，多词近义的现象在语言中也屡见不 鲜，但在具体的上下文中，一个词汇所表达的实际内涵意义往往只有一个（双关语除外）并随上下文意义 不同而变化这就告诉我们，同一词汇在不同的上下文中可表达多种内涵意义，其所知的特定意义已大大 超出其字面意义本身，因此，翻译中人们应更多地推敲原文内涵而不是原文的字面形式.译文的词汇表 达必须以原文上下文中该词的特定意义为准，而不是字面上对等 (1)这次我们摸了一下美国军队的底 This time we have taken measure of the U.S armed forces (2)我们跟它打了三十个月，把它的底摸熟了. We have fought them for thirty-three months and got to know for what they are worth. (3)我们搞社会主义才几十年，还处在初级阶段。 We have practiced socialism for several decades.it is just at the beginning of the stage (4)我在上学时跟她搞上了对掾。 I fell in love with her during my stay in school. (5)我们正在搞个课题. We are working on a project. (6)我们搞对像三年后结的婚。（词语搭配） We have fallen in love before getting married. (7)住集体宿舍，要讲究卫生。 Living in dormitory,one must keep clean
（3）在知识时代，知识是敲门砖。 In the Information Age, knowledge can be Midas Touch. 通过形象转换，较好地用英语中"点金术"移植了汉语的"敲门砖"。 （4)他把他爸视为摇钱树。 He thinks of his father as an ATM. 形象切换，意义等同。不同形象反映了不同的文化社会现象。前者映射农耕文化，后者为现代 商品经济文化。 第四节 依据上下文，选择词义 Translation never takes place in a vacuum; it always happens in a continuum, and the context in which the translation takes place necessarily affects how the translation is made. Just as the norms and constraints of the source culture play their part in the creation of the source text. 尽管一个词汇的所指意义在词典中有时能查出多种,一词多意,多词近义的现象在语言中也屡见不 鲜,但在具体的上下文中,一个词汇所表达的实际内涵意义往往只有一个(双关语除外)并随上下文意义 不同而变化.这就告诉我们,同一词汇在不同的上下文中可表达多种内涵意义,其所知的特定意义已大大 超出其字面意义本身,因此,翻译中人们应更多地推敲原文内涵而不是原文的字面形式. 译文的词汇表 达必须以原文上下文中该词的特定意义为准,而不是字面上对等. （1) 这次我们摸了一下美国军队的底. This time we have taken measure of the U.S armed forces. （2) 我们跟它打了三十个月,把它的底摸熟了. We have fought them for thirty-three months and got to know for what they are worth. （3) 我们搞社会主义才几十年,还处在初级阶段. We have practiced socialism for several decades, it is just at the beginning of the stage. （4) 我在上学时跟她搞上了对象. I fell in love with her during my stay in school. （5) 我们正在搞个课题. We are working on a project. （6) 我们搞对象三年后结的婚。(词语搭配) We have fallen in love before getting married. （7) 住集体宿舍，要讲究卫生。 Living in dormitory, one must keep clean
第五节词义搭配 英汉语中对应词的搭配关系存在较大的差异。如汉语说"救火"，英语认为这种说法是不可思议 的。英语应当是"灭火"，"与火博斗"，因此是fightfires。.对于英语爱好者来说，掌握大量的词汇是十 分重要的，但同等重要的是掌握好目的语中词项与词项的搭配习惯，理解它们的文化内涵。哈特曼 和斯托克曾经说过：”一种语言中每一个词，都有其搭配范围，这些搭配范围限制它们的意义，用 法；不同语言的对等词如果说有相同的搭配范围的活，那是很少的。”（引自黄长著，1981：62）一 般来讲，汉语词语搭配能力较强，较灵活，语义比较模糊；英语词语较具体，搭配能力较弱，搭配 要求严格。因此在翻泽时要特别注意选用正确英语搭配，或选用搭配能力强的英语词汇。 Good command of collocation is the sign of maturity in English acquisition.It is built on extensive reading and a large stock of vocabulary as well as constant practice in both oral and written translation over a long period of time.(谢旭升2004) 1、要巩固和发展全方位对外开放格局，把工作重点放到提高成效上来 We should consolidate and develop an all-round pattern of opening to the outside world and put the focal point of the work into improving the effect. "pattern'"与"consolidate",develop"连用搭配不当，不合逻辑；同样，"effectt也不能"improve";另 外，”全方位格局”过分拘泥原文意义与上下文不合 We should continue to open the outside world in all directions and focus on achieving better results. 2、这种论点目前还有一定的市场 This argument has some appeal at present.(如果用"market"就不合习惯了) 3、国有企业效益不佳，大量职工下岗，造成社会的不稳定 Alarge number of laid-off workers from SOE as a result of poor efficiency have left society in a volatile state. 4、环境污染是对人类最大的威胁之一。生态恶化、“温室效应”、酸雨、土地沙漠化等，已发展 到腰求每一个人都承担一份责任的时候了。 Environment pollution is one of the biggest threats to mankind.Ecological deterioration,green- house effect,acid rain and soil destification have got so serious that each of us is obliged to perform duty. 对英语的特点不熟悉，沿用汉语的搭配结构，使译文就显得过于机械。英汉两种语言的主谓搭配，在 大多数情况下是相通的。一般说来，汉语的主谓关系没有英语那么密切，英语对于谓语能否作后面的动 作考虑较多】
第五节 词义搭配 英汉语中对应词的搭配关系存在较大的差异。如汉语说"救火"，英语认为这种说法是不可思议 的。英语应当是"灭火"，"与火博斗"，因此是fightfires。对于英语爱好者来说，掌握大量的词汇是十 分重要的，但同等重要的是掌握好目的语中词项与词项的搭配习惯，理解它们的文化内涵。哈特曼 和斯托克曾经说过："一种语言中每一个词，都有其搭配范围，这些搭配范围限制它们的意义，用 法；不同语言的对等词如果说有相同的搭配范围的活，那是很少的。"（引自黄长著，1981：62）一 般来讲，汉语词语搭配能力较强，较灵活，语义比较模糊；英语词语较具体，搭配能力较弱，搭配 要求严格。因此在翻译时要特别注意选用正确英语搭配，或选用搭配能力强的英语词汇。 Good command of collocation is the sign of maturity in English acquisition. It is built on extensive reading and a large stock of vocabulary as well as constant practice in both oral and written translation over a long period of time. (谢旭升2004) 1 、要巩固和发展全方位对外开放格局,把工作重点放到提高成效上来. We should consolidate and develop an all-round pattern of opening to the outside world and put the focal point of the work into improving the effect. "pattern" 与 "consolidate", develop"连用搭配不当, 不合逻辑;同样, "effect也不能 "improve"; 另 外, "全方位格局" 过分拘泥原文,意义与上下文不合. We should continue to open the outside world in all directions and focus on achieving better results. 2、这种论点目前还有一定的市场. This argument has some appeal at present. (如果用 "market"就不合习惯了) 3、国有企业效益不佳,大量职工下岗,造成社会的不稳定. A large number of laid-off workers from SOE as a result of poor efficiency have left society in a volatile state. 4、环境污染是对人类最大的威胁之一。 生态恶化、"温室效应"、酸雨、土地沙漠化等，已发展 到要求每一个人都承担一份责任的时候了。 Environment pollution is one of the biggest threats to mankind. Ecological deterioration, greenhouse effect, acid rain and soil destification have got so serious that each of us is obliged to perform duty. 对英语的特点不熟悉,沿用汉语的搭配结构,使译文就显得过于机械。英汉两种语言的主谓搭配,在 大多数情况下是相通的。一般说来,汉语的主谓关系没有英语那么密切,英语对于谓语能否作后面的动 作考虑较多
第六节：词义褒贬 1、他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世.（褒义） His mother passed away at an advanced of eighty. 臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉！（贬义） 2.Notorious McCarthy did kick the bucket at long last. 3、对凭借行业垄断和某些特殊条件获得个人额外收入的必须纠正。（《十五大》)（贬义） We must correct the malpractice of individuals obtaining extra incomes by taking advantage of sectoral monopoly and some special privileges. 4、美国之音是西方国家的最大宣传机器，在世界范围内大肆兜售资本主义意识形态。Th Voice of America is the largest propaganda machine in western countries,selling bourgeoise ideology in the world-wide.(贬义) 第三章：词的增补 美国作家，诗人泰勒(Bayard Tayler,1825-1878)曾有一句名言："There is no mathmatics without plus or minus,which holds good for translation." 增添一些词语可以克服含义不清容易造成误解的缺点.增补主要在两个方面：一是为了保证译文 语法结构的完整性而进行的增补，包括增补代词，名词，连词，介词和冠词等；二是为了保证译文意思的明 确而进行的增补，包括增补原文中隐含的词语，增加概括性词语，注释性词语等 第一节增补代词 1、活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn. 2、把这些故事看完后，用自己的话讲一遍.After you have read these stories,.tell them in your own words. 3.没有水，就不能生存。We cannot live without water. 汉语多无主句，而英语无主句只能表示祁使语气，使用范围窄得多，增加泛指意义的代词或符合上 下文逻辑意义的代词不失为一种解决办法 4、读万卷书，行万里路。 You read as far as you travel.(谢旭升译自《风月无边》) 5、有了智慧，就受到尊崇，有了知识，就能获得高位
第六节：词义褒贬 1、他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世. (褒义) His mother passed away at an advanced of eighty. 臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉! (贬义) 2、Notorious McCarthy did kick the bucket at long last. 3、对凭借行业垄断和某些特殊条件获得个人额外收入的必须纠正。（《十五大》） （贬义） We must correct the malpractice of individuals obtaining extra incomes by taking advantage of sectoral monopoly and some special privileges. 4、美国之音是西方国家的最大宣传机器，在世界范围内大肆兜售资本主义意识形态。The Voice of America is the largest propaganda machine in western countries, selling bourgeoise ideology in the world-wide.(贬义) 第三章: 词的增补 美国作家,诗人泰勒 (Bayard Tayler, 1825-1878)曾有一句名言: "There is no mathmatics without plus or minus, which holds good for translation." 增添一些词语可以克服含义不清容易造成误解的缺点. 增补主要在两个方面: 一是为了保证译文 语法结构的完整性而进行的增补,包括增补代词,名词,连词,介词和冠词等; 二是为了保证译文意思的明 确而进行的增补,包括增补原文中隐含的词语,增加概括性词语,注释性词语等. 第一节 增补代词 1、活到老,学到老! One is never too old to learn. 2、把这些故事看完后,用自己的话讲一遍. After you have read these stories, tell them in your own words. 3、没有水，就不能生存。We cannot live without water. 汉语多无主句,而英语无主句只能表示祁使语气,使用范围窄得多, 增加泛指意义的代词或符合上 下文逻辑意义的代词不失为一种解决办法. 4、 读万卷书，行万里路。 You read as far as you travel.（谢旭升译自《风月无边》） 5、 有了智慧，就受到尊崇，有了知识，就能获得高位
He who has wisdom will be admired and he who has knowledge will win a higher position. 旭升译自《福乐智慧》) 第二节增补连词，冠词，介词 汉语是意合法语言，形式机制比较弱.汉语的句法关系缺乏形态标定手段，主要依靠直接对接，以 LR(从左到右句)顺线形占绝对优势，而英语侧不然，有许多形式（词语）或形态（词型变化）手段可供使用，以 表明语言内部的句法关系，呈立体交叉形制. (1)上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant. (2)新疆是个好地方，天山南北好风光.Our Xinjiang is a fine place,with beautiful scenery around Xinjiang. (3)留得青山在，不怕没柴烧 As long as the green mountains are here,one should not worry about firewood. (4)新疆地大物博，物产丰富， Xinjiang is vast in land and rich in mineral resources. 第三节增补原文中隐含的词语 (1)现在日子好过了，反而没啥吃的. Now that we live a better-off life,instead,we feel that we have nothing special to eat (2)要提倡顾全大局： We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration (3)然而，50年的成就虽大，巨大的发展挑战依然存在.世界上还有10亿以上的人口处于赤贫境地， 每天靠着不足一美元，为维持生存而挣扎.这项挑战与每一个国家息息相关提高较贫穷国家的生活水 平，促进其经济增长和发展，不仅有利于较贫穷国家，也增加了较富裕国家的贸易，就业和收入。 And yet,despite the successes of the past 50 years,a massive development challenge remains.Over 1 billion people still live in dire poverty,struggling to survive on a dollar a day or less. Every nation has a huge stake in meeting this challenge.Raising the living standards and promoting growth and development in the world's poorer countries not only helps them but also expands trade.jobs and incomes in the richer countries. 内含"连接”两个字，即"迎接这一挑战与每一个国家息息相关"，译成英语时，不加词，逻辑上说不通。 第四节增补注释性词语
He who has wisdom will be admired and he who has knowledge will win a higher position. (谢 旭升译自《福乐智慧》) 第二节 增补连词,冠词,介词 汉语是意合法语言,形式机制比较弱. 汉语的句法关系缺乏形态标定手段,主要依靠直接对接,以 LR(从左到右) 顺线形占绝对优势,而英语则不然,有许多形式(词语)或形态(词型变化)手段可供使用,以 表明语言内部的句法关系,呈立体交叉形制. （1) 上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant. （2) 新疆是个好地方,天山南北好风光. Our Xinjiang is a fine place, with beautiful scenery around Xinjiang. （3）留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。 As long as the green mountains are here, one should not worry about firewood. （4）新疆地大物博，物产丰富。 Xinjiang is vast in land and rich in mineral resources. 第三节 增补原文中隐含的词语 （1) 现在日子好过了,反而没啥吃的. Now that we live a better-off life, instead, we feel that we have nothing special to eat. （2) 要提倡顾全大局. We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. （3) 然而,50年的成就虽大,巨大的发展挑战依然存在.世界上还有10亿以上的人口处于赤贫境地, 每天靠着不足一美元,为维持生存而挣扎. 这项挑战与每一个国家息息相关.提高较贫穷国家的生活水 平,促进其经济增长和发展,不仅有利于较贫穷国家, 也增加了较富裕国家的贸易,就业和收入. And yet, despite the successes of the past 50 years, a massive development challenge remains. Over 1 billion people still live in dire poverty, struggling to survive on a dollar a day or less. Every nation has a huge stake in meeting this challenge. Raising the living standards and promoting growth and development in the world’s poorer countries not only helps them but also expands trade, jobs and incomes in the richer countries. 内含 "连接" 两个字,即 "迎接这一挑战与每一个国家息息相关",译成英语时,不加词,逻辑上说不通. 第四节 增补注释性词语