medical treatment, and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care.(For exampleparents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.)“It's invaluable for the kids,because it'shard tomake those decisionsfor a parent,says Jennifer Cona,an elder-lawattorneyat GenserDubowGenser&ConainMelvilleN.YAn advance caredirectiveis thefirst lineofdefense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly,executive director of theFamily CaregiverAlliance,which supportsand educates caregivers.Withoutan advancedirective,thefamilywillhave to petition the court to be appointed the parent'slegal guardian, says AgingCare.com.[D] It's important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know theirparents, preferences, wishes and goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But it'snot an easy conversation.Elderlyparents are sometimes suspicious of their children's financialmotives, says Susan John a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One clientasked John tohold a familymeeting because they needed an intermediaryto talk about financialissues, she says. And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ringcircus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y.Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys,financial planners,geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups.In February,AARP saidit will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firmGenworth.[E] Many families are unprepared for quick decisions, especially when they find out thatMedicare doesn't pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a privateroomatanursinghomein201lwas$77,745,accordingtoGenworth.And onlythosewhohavespent most of their assets can qualifyfor Medicaid topayfor the nursinghome.[ F] Assisted living is another option, Residents can have their own apartment to maintainsome independence.But thefacilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals,housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, it's not cheap:The national median cost in 2011was $39,135,according to Genworth.Assisted living isn'tcovered byMedicaid.[GjIf theyhave a choice, at least 90%of elderlyparents prefer to stay at homeas longasthey can, according to AARPresearch. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it canbe hard for children to movethem into an adult carefacility.Theremay be another optionSometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there.For example, Baldocchi put in achair lift for her mother. Shealso arranged for a home caregiver.[H] Family caregivers take over many responsibilities.One might manage a parent's finances,while another sibling willtake theparent todoctors'appointments and shopping.Those who movein with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into hermother's home in Leesburg, Fla. After her mother, who is 83, had fallen, she wasn't able to getaround as well. Walker, 55, has three brothers. But she is the only daughter, is divorced and has nochildren."I alwaysknewthat this was the rolethat I would have, and I guess mymind wasprepared for it,”says Walker, who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorialinstructor for a digital scrapbooking website.“When you get into the trenches, it's literallybaptism by fire,"she says.“Newthings come up.It's not just about advanceplanning for financesormedical care. It's everything,"she says.[I ] Caregivers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiverburnout,"Conasays.Amongfemalecaregivers50andolder,20%reportedsymptomsofdepression, according to a 2010 study on working caregivers by MetLife.“It's a hard job,"Walker
medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “It’s invaluable for the kids, because it’s hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona, an elder- law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville, N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly, executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance, which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parent’s legal guardian, says AgingCare.com. [D] It’s important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents，preferences, wishes and goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But it’s not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their children’s financial motives, says Susan John, a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues, she says. And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February, AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth. [E] Many families are unprepared for quick decisions, especially when they find out that Medicare doesn’t pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in 2011 was $77,745, according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home. [ F] Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals, housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, it’s not cheap: The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isn’t covered by Medicaid. [G ] If they have a choice, at least 90% of elderly parents prefer to stay at home as long as they can, according to AARP research. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility. There may be another option. Sometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there. For example, Baldocchi put in a chair lift for her mother. She also arranged for a home caregiver. [H] Family caregivers take over many responsibilities. One might manage a parent’s finances, while another sibling will take the parent to doctors’ appointments and shopping. Those who move in with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into her mother’s home in Leesburg, Fla. After her mother, who is 83, had fallen, she wasn’t able to get around as well. Walker, 55, has three brothers. But she is the only daughter, is divorced and has no children. “I always knew that this was the role that I would have, and I guess my mind was prepared for it,” says Walker, who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorial instructor for a digital scrapbooking website. “When you get into the trenches, it’s literally baptism by fire,” she says. “New things come up. It’s not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. It’s everything,” she says. [I ] Caregivers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiver burnout, ” Cona says. Among female caregivers 50 and older, 20% reported symptoms of depression, according to a 2010 study on working caregivers by MetLife. “It’s a hard job,” Walker
says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helpinghand. It's only natural that I be here for her now.46. When elderly parents cannot live at home safely, their children can change their homeinstead of sending them to an adult care facility.47. To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious oftheir children'sfinancial motives.48.Besides advanceplanningforfinancesormedical care,family caregiverstakeovermanyotherresponsibilities.49.Thedifferencebetweena durablepowerof attorneyandahealth careproxy is that thelatterallows someonetomakedecisionsregardingmedical treatment.50. Baldocchi did not want to send her mother to a nursing home, but she had difficultytaking care of her.51. Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in 200952. If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements, there are many peoplethey can call on.53. Caregivers should pay attention to their own health, or they may burn out or becomedepressed.54. One will have to petition the court to be the parent's legal guardian, if there is no advancedirective.55. The national median cost of assisted living in 2011 was $39,135 and it is not covered byMedicaid.Section B46.[G]。题干意为，当上了年纪的父母住在家里不安全时，他们的孩子可以改变他们的家，而不是将他们送到成人看护中心去。注意抓住题干中的关键词liveathomesafely和adultcarefacility。文章段落中，[G]段提到了上了年纪的父母住在家里不安全和成人看护中心的内容，该段第二至四句提到，如果上了年纪的父母住在家里不再安全，对于孩子来说将他们送到成人看护中心也很难，不过有另外一种选择一一可以改变他们的家以适合他们在那里度过晚年。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[G]。47.[D]。题干意为，谈论长期护理问题并不容易，因为有时老年人会怀疑自已孩子有金钱方面的动机。注意抓住题干中的关键词talkaboutlong-termcare、suspiciousof和financialmotives。文章段落中，[D]段提到了谈论长期护理和老年人会怀疑自己孩子的内容，该段前三句指出，家庭成员谈论长期护理问题是很重要的，这样才能了解父母的喜好和意愿等，但是这并不容易，有时候父母会怀疑子女有金钱方面的动机。由此可知，题于是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[D]。48.[H]。题干意为，除了提前进行资金和医疗方面的规划，家庭护理人员还有其他许多责任。注意抓住题干中的关键词planningforfinancesormedicalcare和manyotherresponsibilities。文章段落中，[H]段首先就提到了家庭护理人员要承担许多责任，该段最后指出，家庭护理不仅仅要提前做好资金和医疗规划，一切问题都要考虑到。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[H]。49.[C]。题干意为，永久授权书和医疗保健代理委托书的区别在于，后者允许某人做出有关医疗方面的决定。注意抓住题干中的关键词adurablepowerofattorney和ahealthcareproxy。文章段落中，只有[C]段提到了这两个专有名词，该段第二句指出，护理指示应该包含adurablepowerof attorney、a healthcareproxy和a livingwill。在介绍healthcareproxy时提到，它与durablepowerofattorney相似，只是它允许某人做出有关医疗方面的决定。由
says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helping hand. It’s only natural that I be here for her now.” 46. When elderly parents cannot live at home safely, their children can change their home instead of sending them to an adult care facility. 47. To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious of their children’s financial motives. 48. Besides advance planning for finances or medical care, family caregivers take over many other responsibilities. 49. The difference between a durable power of attorney and a health care proxy is that the latter allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment. 50. Baldocchi did not want to send her mother to a nursing home, but she had difficulty taking care of her. 51. Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in 2009. 52. If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements, there are many people they can call on. 53. Caregivers should pay attention to their own health, or they may burn out or become depressed. 54. One will have to petition the court to be the parent’s legal guardian, if there is no advance directive. 55. The national median cost of assisted living in 2011 was $39,135 and it is not covered by Medicaid. Section B 46. [G]。题干意为，当上了年纪的父母住在家里不安全时，他们的孩子可以改变他们的 家，而不是将他们送 到成人看护中心去。注意抓住题干中的关键词live at home safely和adult care facility。文章段落中，[G]段提 到了上了年纪的父母住在家里不安全和成人看护中心的 内容，该段第二至四句提到，如果上了年纪的父 母住在家里不再安全，对于孩子来说将他 们送到成人看护中心也很难，不过有另外一种选择——可以改 变他们的家以适合他们在那 里度过晚年。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[G]。 47. [D]。题干意为，谈论长期护理问题并不容易，因为有时老年人会怀疑自己孩子有金 钱方面的动机。注意 抓住题干中的关键词 talk about long-term care、suspicious of 和 financial motives。文章段落中，[D]段提到了 谈论长期护理和老年人会怀疑自己孩子的内容，该段 前三句指出，家庭成员谈论长期护理问题是很重要 的，这样才能了解父母的喜好和意愿等， 但是这并不容易，有时候父母会怀疑子女有金钱方面的动机。由 此可知，题干是对原文的 同义转述，故答案为[D]。 48. [H]。题干意为，除了提前进行资金和医疗方面的规划，家庭护理人员还有其他许多 责任。注意抓住题干 中的关键词 planning for finances or medical care 和 many other responsibilities。文章段落中，[H ]段首先就提到 了家庭护理人员要承担许多责任，该段最 后指出，家庭护理不仅仅要提前做好资金和医疗规划，一切问题 都要考虑到。由此可知， 题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[H]。 49. [C]。题干意为，永久授权书和医疗保健代理委托书的区别在于，后者允许某人做出 有关医疗方面的决定。 注意抓住题干中的关键词 a durable power of attorney 和 a health care proxy。文章段落中，只有[C]段提到了 这两个专有名词，该段第二句指出，护理指示应该 包含 a durable power of attorney、a health care proxy 和 a living will。在介绍 health care proxy 时提到，它与 durable power of attorney 相似，只是它允许某人做出有关医疗方面的决定。由
此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[C]。50.[A]。题干意为，Baldocchi不想将母亲送到疗养院，但是她又很难照顾她。注意抓住题干中的关键词Baldocchi和nursinghome。文章段落中，有几段都提到了Baldocchi,但是提到她不想将母亲送往疗养院但自己照顾母亲又有困难的只有[A]段。题干内容是对原文第一段的总结，故答案为[A]。51.[B]。题干意为，2009年，美国有超过4200万护理人员帮忙照料成年人的日常生活。题干中的关键词为Over42millioncaregivers和helpanadultwitheverydayactivities。文章段落中，[B]段倒数第三句提到了Morethan42millionAmericansprovidefamilycaregivingforan adult who needshelp with daily activities,其中More than 42million和daily activities分别与题干中的Over42million和everydayactivities为同义互换。故答案为[B]。52.[D]。题干意为，如果一个家庭需要解决纠纷的信息或帮助，他们可以向很多人求助。注意抓住题干中的关键词sortoutdisagreements和callon。文章段落中，[D]段倒数第二句提到，如果一些家庭需要解决纠纷的信息或者帮助，他们可以向老年法律师、金融规划师、老年人护理经理和护理人员组织求助。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[D]。53.[I]。题干意为，家庭护理人员应该注意自已的身体健康，否则他们可能会累跨或者变得心情抑郁。注意抓住题干中的关键词theirownhealth、burnout和depressed。文章段落中，提到要护理人员注意自已身体的是段，该段前三句指出，家庭护理人员也要注意自已的身体，有的时候护理者可能会累垮。对年龄在50岁及以上的女性护理人员的调查显示，有20%的人称自已有抑郁症状。由此可知，题干是对原文这三句话的同义转述，故答案为[1]。题干中的payattentiontotheirownhealth和原文中的watchtheirownhealth对应。54.[C]。题干意为，如果没有提前准备一份护理说明，那么想成为父母的合法监护人需要向法庭申请。注意抓住题干中的关键词petitionthecourt、parent'slegalguardian和noadvancedirective。本题比较简单，这几个关键词均在文章[C]段中直接出现，该段最后一句提到，Withoutanadvancedirective,thefamilywillhavetopetitionthecourttobeappointedtheparent'slegal guardian。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[C]。55.[F]。题干意为，2011年，全国生活协助的平均花费为39，135美元，而且这项花费也不在医疗补助计划的范围之内。注意抓住题干中的关键词2011、$39，135和Medicaid。本题也比较容易，扫读全文，可以发现在[F]段出现了2011和S39，135这两个关键词，并且后面也提到生活协助并不包含在医疗补助计划之内。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[F]。Passage 2.Beauty and Body Image in the Media[A] Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women-and their body parts—sell everythingfrom food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner.Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food.Women's magazines are full ofarticles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they'll have it all-the perfectmarriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.[B] Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom arenaturally larger and more mature than any of the models?The roots, some analysts say,areeconomic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet productindustries are assured of growth and profits. And it's no accident that youth is increasinglypromoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to loseweight, for sure they're all aging,says the Quebec Action Network for Women's Health in its
此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[C]。 50. [A]。题干意为，Baldocchi 不想将母亲送到疗养院，但是她又很难照顾她。注意抓 住题干中的关键词 Baldocchi 和 nursing home。文章段落中，有几段都提到了 Baldocchi,但 是提到她不想将母亲送往疗养院但 自己照顾母亲又有困难的只有[A]段。题干内容是对原文 第一段的总结，故答案为[A]。 51. [B]。题干意为，2009 年，美国有超过 4200 万护理人员帮忙照料成年人的日常生活。 题干中的关键词为 Over 42 million caregivers 和 help an adult with everyday activities。文章段 落中，[B]段倒数第三句提到 了 More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities,其中 More than 42 million 和 daily activities 分别与 题干中的 Over 42 million 和 everyday activities 为同义互换。故答案为[B]。 52. [D]。题干意为，如果一个家庭需要解决纠纷的信息或帮助，他们可以向很多人求助。 注意抓住题干中的关 键词 sort out disagreements 和 call on。文章段落中，[D]段倒数第二句 提到，如果一些家庭需要解决纠纷的信息或 者帮助，他们可以向老年法律师、金融规划师、 老年人护理经理和护理人员组织求助。由此可知，题干是对 原文的同义转述，故答案为[D]。 53. [I]。题干意为，家庭护理人员应该注意自己的身体健康，否则他们可能会累垮或者 变得心情抑郁。注意抓 住题干中的关键词 their own health、burn out 和 depressed。文章段落 中，提到要护理人员注意自己身体的是[I] 段，该段前三句指出，家庭护理人员也要注意自 己的身体，有的时候护理者可能会累垮。对年龄在 50 岁及以 上的女性护理人员的调查显示， 有 20%的人称自己有抑郁症状。由此可知，题干是对原文这三句话的同义转 述，故答案为 [I ]。题干中的 pay attention to their own health 和原文中的 watch their own health 对应。 54. [C]。题干意为，如果没有提前准备一份护理说明，那么想成为父母的合法监护人需 要向法庭申请。注意 抓住题干中的关键词 petition the court、parent’s legal guardian 和 no advance directive。本题比较简单，这几个关 键词均在文章[C ]段中直接出现，该段最后一 句提到，Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parent’s legal guardian。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案 为[ C]。 55. [F]。题干意为，2011 年，全国生活协助的平均花费为 39，135 美元，而且这项花费 也不在医疗补助计划的范 围之内。注意抓住题干中的关键词 2011、$39，135 和 Medicaid。 本题也比较容易，扫读全文，可以发现在[F] 段出现了 2011 和$39，135 这两个关键词，并 且后面也提到生活协助并不包含在医疗补助计划之内。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述， 故答案为[F]。 Passage 2. Beauty and Body Image in the Media [A] Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women—and their body parts—sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Women’s magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they’ll have it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career. [B] Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it’s no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they’re all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Women’s Health in its
2001 report. And, according to the industry,age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.[C] The stakes are huge.On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies aremore likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industryaloneisworthanywherebetween40to100billion(U.S.)ayearsellingtemporaryweightloss(90%to95%of dieters regain thelost weight).On theother hand,research indicatesthat exposureto images of thin young,air-brushedfemalebodies is linked to depression,lossof self-esteem andthedevelopmentof unhealthyeatinghabits in women and girls.[DJ TheAmerican research group Anorexia Nervosa &Related EatingDisorders, Inc.saysthat one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weightcontrol—includingfastingskippingmeals,excessiveexercise,laxative（泻药）abuse,andself-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women'sHealth Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5and 6.American statistics are similar.Several studies,such as one conducted by MarikaTiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled "Appearance Culture in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls:Media andPeerInfluences onBodyDissatisfaction,"indicate that nearlyhalf of all preadolescentgirls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept ofdieting.In2003.Teenmagazinereportedthat35percentofgirls6to12vearsoldhavebeenonatleast one diet,and that 50 to70 percentof normal weightgirlsbelieve they areoverweightOverall researchindicatesthat90%ofwomen aredissatisfiedwiththeirappearanceinsomewayMedia activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, Women are sold to the diet industry by themagazinesweread and thetelevisionprograms wewatch, almost all of whichmakeus feelanxiousaboutourweight."[E] Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty areunattainablefor all but avery small number of women.Researchersgeneratinga computer modelof a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak tosupport the weight of her upper body,and herbody would betoo narrowto contain more than halfa liver and a few centimeters of bowel.A real woman built that waywould sufferfrom chronicdiarrhea（慢性腹泻)and eventuallydiefrommalnutritionJillBarad,PresidentofMattel（whichmanufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbiedoll. Stll, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body isepidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences.In 2006 it was estimatedthat up to450, 000Canadian women were affectedby an eatingdisorder.[F J Researchers report that women's magazines have ten and one-half times more ads andarticles promoting weight loss than men's magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers ofwomen's magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman's bodilyappearanceby diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce theimportanceof athinbody asameasureofa woman'sworthCanadianresearcherGregoryFoutsreports that over three-quarters ofthe female characters in TV situation comedies are underweightand onlyone intwentyareabove average in size.Heavier actressestendtoreceivenegativecommentsfrom malecharactersabouttheir bodies("Howabout wearinga sack?),and 80percentof these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.[G]Therehavebeeneffortsinthemagazine industrytobuck（抵制，反抗)thetrend.Forseveral years the Quebec magazine CoupdePouce has consistently included full-sized women intheir fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models
2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with. [C] The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls. [D ] The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control—including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative ( 泻药)abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women’s Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar. Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way. Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.” [ E] Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea (慢性腹泻)and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll. Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder. [F ] Researchers report that women’s magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men’s magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman’s bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman’s worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?)，and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter. [G] There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck (抵制，反抗)the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models