A:Will Mary come to the party tomorrow? B:Possibly not.(It is possible that she won't come.) A:Will you waste your time and money on that? B:Certainly not.(Certainly I will not do it.) A:Does she really know him? B:Surely not.(Surely she does not know him.) 4 在上述结构中，通常不用so。此外，not还可 与why搭配，构成缩略疑问句why not。例如： .A:I didn't stop him. B:Why not?(=Why didn't you stop him?) 在上述结构中，用why so则比较少见。 16
16 A: Will Mary come to the party tomorrow? B: Possibly not. (= It is possible that she won’t come.) A: Will you waste your time and money on that? B: Certainly not. (= Certainly I will not do it.) A: Does she really know him? B: Surely not. (= Surely she does not know him.) 在上述结构中，通常不用so。此外，not 还可 与why搭配，构成缩略疑问句 why not。例如： ⚫ A: I didn’t stop him. B: Why not? (= Why didn’t you stop him?) 在上述结构中，用why so则比较少见
Conclusion So far substitution has been discussed in this lecture,which falls into the following three parts: Nominal substitution,Verbal substitution and Clausal substitution.Now let's do some exercises... Exercises: 1.I'm looking for a flat.I'd really like with a garden. a.it b.flat C.one d.that 2. I like music very much.does she. a.Nor b.So c.More d.Same 3. ----Can you play the piano? ----A little.There was in the room. 17
17 Conclusion So far substitution has been discussed in this lecture, which falls into the following three parts: Nominal substitution, Verbal substitution and Clausal substitution. Now let’s do some exercises… Exercises: 1. I’m looking for a flat. I’d really like ____ with a garden. a. it b. flat c. one d. that 2. I like music very much. ___ does she. a. Nor b. So c. More d. Same 3. ----Can you play the piano? ---- A little. There was ____ in the room
a.piano b.it c.one d.kind 4.Will the Yankees win the game? a.I not hope b.I'm afraid c.I thought not d.I hope not 5.He asked me to post a letter for him,and I a.have done so b.had done c.have posted so d.has done so 6. While we admit his good points,we can see his bad a.one b.ones c.these d.those 7. The first bomb didn't explode. did the second. a.Neither b.So c.No d.either 8. The first runner finished a few yards in front of the next a.this b./ c.people d.ones
18 a. piano b. it c. one d. kind 4. Will the Yankees win the game? ____ . a. I not hope b. I’m afraid c. I thought not d. I hope not 5. He asked me to post a letter for him, and I ____ . a. have done so b. had done c. have posted so d. has done so 6. While we admit his good points, we can see his bad ____ . a. one b. ones c. these d. those 7. The first bomb didn’t explode. ____ did the second. a. Neither b. So c. No d. either 8. The first runner finished a few yards in front of the next ___ . a. this b. / c. people d. ones
9. He will cut the grass this afternoon. a.I suppose so b.I think c.I believe him d.It is true 10.Is he going to resign? a.I've been told so b.He is going c.I'm going to d.So is he 11.There were many people injured in the accident.All people a.did so b.said so C.say so d.say 12.John is smoking more now than he before. a.were doing b.is doing so c.was doing d.did so (end) 19
19 9. He will cut the grass this afternoon. _____. a. I suppose so b. I think c. I believe him d. It is true 10. Is he going to resign? _____ . a. I’ve been told so b. He is going c. I’m going to d. So is he 11. There were many people injured in the accident. All people ____ . a. did so b. said so c. say so d. say 12. John is smoking more now than he ____ before . a. were doing b. is doing so c. was doing d. did so (end)
二十、省略(Ellipsis) Like substitution,ellipsis is also a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion.If substitution is the replacement of an identical item by a substitute,ellipsis means omission of the item or replacement of the item by a zero substitute.As ellipsis and substitution perform the same function,they are,in many cases,interchangeable,eg: A:Which do you prefer,the red or the green scarf? 20
20 二十、省略(Ellipsis) Like substitution, ellipsis is also a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion. If substitution is the replacement of an identical item by a substitute, ellipsis means omission of the item or replacement of the item by a zero substitute. As ellipsis and substitution perform the same function, they are, in many cases, interchangeable, eg: ⚫ A: Which do you prefer, the red or the green scarf?