2. The Nature of organic Compounds: Alkanes 有机化合物的种类:烷烃
2. The Nature of Organic Compounds: Alkanes 有机化合物的种类: 烷烃
21 Functional group:能团 Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features
2.1 Functional Groups:官能团 Organic compounds can be grouped into families by their common structural features p. 4
unctional group- collection of atoms at a site within a molecule with a common bonding pattern The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule For example the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way OH CH C C H Reaction site Double bond
• Functional group - collection of atoms at a site within a molecule with a common bonding pattern • The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule • For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way
Types of functional Groups Multiple carbon-Carbon Bonds alkenes have aC-C double bond Alkynes have a C-C triple bond Arenes have special bonds that are represented as 一C≡C alternating single and Alkene Alkyne ene double c-c bonds in (aromatic ring) a SIX-membered ring
Types of Functional Groups: Multiple Carbon–Carbon Bonds • Alkenes have a C-C double bond • Alkynes have a C-C triple bond • Arenes have special bonds that are represented as alternating single and double C-C bonds in a six-membered ring
Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an electronegative Atom Alkyl halide: C bonded to halogen(C-X) Alcohol: C bonded o of a hydroxyl group (C￥OH Ether: Two C's bonded to the same(C=0 Amine:C bonded to N(C=EN Thiol C bonded to sh group(C=Esh Sit: Two Cs bonded to same s(C羊S羊C) Bonds are polar, with partial positive charge on C(8) and partial negative charge(8-)on electronegative atom
Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an Electronegative Atom • Alkyl halide: C bonded to halogen (C-X) • Alcohol: C bonded O of a hydroxyl group (C⺷OH) • Ether: Two C’s bonded to the same O (C⺷O⺷ C) • Amine: C bonded to N (C⺷N) • Thiol: C bonded to SH group (C⺷SH) • Sulfide: Two C’s bonded to same S (C⺷S⺷C) • Bonds are polar, with partial positive charge on C (d+) and partial negative charge (d-) on electronegative atom