Ninth Edition Critical hinking Brooke noel moore Richard Parke California State University, Chico Chapter 12 with Nina rosenstand and Anita silver McGraw-Hi Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St Louis angkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
Revised Pages Brooke Noel Moore Richard Parker California State University, Chico Chapter 12 with Nina Rosenstand and Anita Silvers Critical Thinking Ninth Edition moo86677_fm_i-xxii.indd i 6/23/08 3:45:09 PM
Table of Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii About the authors xix Chapter 1 Critical Thinking Basics 1 What Is Critical Thinking? 2 The Basics: Claims, Issues, and Arguments 5 lms Issues 6 Arguments 10 What Arguments Are Not 11 Further Confusions 12 Arguments and Explanations 12 Arguments and Persuasion 13 Two Kinds of Good Arguments 14 Deductive Arguments 14 Inductive Arguments 14 ecognizing Arguments 15 The Two Parts of an Argument 15 The Language of Arguments 15 Other Terms and Concepts 16 Truth 16 Knowledge 1 Value judgments 17 Extraneous Considerations: Logical Window Dressing 19 A Word About the exercises 21 Recap 21 Exercises 22 Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 41 Arguments: General Features 41 Conclusions used as premises 42 Unstated Premises and Conclusions 43
Confirming Pages iii Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii About the Authors xix Chapter 1 Critical Thinking Basics 1 What Is Critical Thinking? 2 The Basics: Claims, Issues, and Arguments 5 Claims 6 Issues 6 Arguments 10 What Arguments Are Not 11 Further Confusions 12 Arguments and Explanations 12 Arguments and Persuasion 13 Two Kinds of Good Arguments 14 Deductive Arguments 14 Inductive Arguments 14 Recognizing Arguments 15 The Two Parts of an Argument 15 The Language of Arguments 15 Other Terms and Concepts 16 Truth 16 Knowledge 17 Value Judgments 17 Extraneous Considerations: Logical Window Dressing 19 A Word About the Exercises 21 Recap 21 Exercises 22 Chapter 2 Two Kinds of Reasoning 41 Arguments: General Features 41 Conclusions Used as Premises 42 Unstated Premises and Conclusions 43 Table of Contents moo86677_fm_i-xxii.indd iii 7/2/08 6:11:45 PM
Two Kinds of Arguments 44 Deductive Arguments 44 Inductive Arguments 45 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 48 Deduction. Induction, and Unstated premises 48 Techniques for Understanding Arguments 50 Clarifying an Argument's Structure 51 Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing 53 Evaluating Arguments 54 Exercises Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 69 Vagueness 71 Ambiguity 75 Semantic Ambiguity 76 Grouping Ambiguity 77 Syntactic Ambiguity 80 Generality 82 Defining Terms Purposes of Definitions 84 Kinds of definitions 86 Some Tips on Definitions 86 Writing Argumentative Essays 87 Good Writing Practices 89 Essay Types to Avoid 8 Persuasive Writing Writing in a Diverse Society 91 Recap 92 Exerci Chapter 4 Credibility 105 The Claim and Its source 107 Assessing the Content of the Claim 111 Does the Claim Conflict with Our Personal Observations? 111 Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? 114
Revised Pages iv CONTENTS Two Kinds of Arguments 44 Deductive Arguments 44 Inductive Arguments 45 Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 48 Deduction, Induction, and Unstated Premises 48 Techniques for Understanding Arguments 50 Clarifying an Argument’s Structure 51 Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing 53 Evaluating Arguments 54 Recap 55 Exercises 55 Chapter 3 Clear Thinking, Critical Thinking, and Clear Writing 69 Vagueness 71 Ambiguity 75 Semantic Ambiguity 76 Grouping Ambiguity 77 Syntactic Ambiguity 80 Generality 82 Defining Terms 82 Purposes of Definitions 84 Kinds of Definitions 86 Some Tips on Definitions 86 Writing Argumentative Essays 87 Good Writing Practices 89 Essay Types to Avoid 89 Persuasive Writing 90 Writing in a Diverse Society 91 Recap 92 Exercises 93 Chapter 4 Credibility 105 The Claim and Its Source 107 Assessing the Content of the Claim 111 Does the Claim Conflict with Our Personal Observations? 111 Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? 114 moo86677_fm_i-xxii.indd iv 6/23/08 3:45:13 PM
CONTENTS The Credibility of Sources 118 Credibility and the News Media 121 Government Management of the News 122 Bias within the media 123 Talk Radio 126 The Internet, Generally 126 Wikipedia 128 Ble 128 Advertising 130 Exercises 135 Chapter 5 Persuasion Through rhetoric. Common Devices and Techniques 147 Euphemisms and Dysphemisms 148 Rhetorical Definitions and Rhetorical Explanations 149 Stereotypes 151 Innuendo 153 Loaded Questions 154 Weaselers 154 Downplayers 156 Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm 157 Hyperbole 158 Proof Surrogates 159 Rhetorical Analogies and Misleading Comparisons 160 Persuasion Using Visual Images 163 169 Exercises 169 Chapter 6 More Rhetorical Devices: Psychological and Related Fallacies 183 The"Argument"from Outrage 184 Scare tactics 186 Other Fallacies based on Emotions 188 Rationalizing 191 Everyone Knows
Revised Pages CONTENTS v The Credibility of Sources 118 Credibility and the News Media 121 Government Management of the News 122 Bias Within the Media 123 Talk Radio 126 The Internet, Generally 126 Wikipedia 128 Blogs 128 Advertising 130 Recap 134 Exercises 135 Chapter 5 Persuasion Through Rhetoric: Common Devices and Techniques 147 Euphemisms and Dysphemisms 148 Rhetorical Definitions and Rhetorical Explanations 149 Stereotypes 151 Innuendo 153 Loaded Questions 154 Weaselers 154 Downplayers 156 Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm 157 Hyperbole 158 Proof Surrogates 159 Rhetorical Analogies and Misleading Comparisons 160 Persuasion Using Visual Images 163 Recap 169 Exercises 169 Chapter 6 More Rhetorical Devices: Psychological and Related Fallacies 183 The “Argument” from Outrage 184 Scare Tactics 186 Other Fallacies Based on Emotions 188 Rationalizing 191 Everyone Knows . . . 192 moo86677_fm_i-xxii.indd v 6/23/08 3:45:13 PM
he Subjectivist Falla The Relativist Fallacy 19 Two Wrongs Make a Right 196 Red Herring/Smoke Screen 197 Recap 199 Exercises 200 Chapter 7 More Fallacies 211 The Ad Hominem Fallacy 211 The Personal Attack ad Hominem 212 The Inconsistency Ad Hominem 212 The Circumstantial ad Hominem 214 Poisoning the Well 214 The Genetic Fallacy 214 “ Positive ad hominem fallacies”215 Straw Man 215 False Dilemma 21 The Perfectionist Fallacy 220 The Line-Drawing Fallacy 220 Misplacing the Burden of Proof 222 Begging the Question 226 Recap 228 Exercises 229 Chapter 8 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 254 Categorical Claims 256 Venn Diagrams 257 Translation into Standard Form 258 The Square of Opposition 263 Three Categorical Operations 265 Conversion 265 266 Contraposition 266 Categorical Syllogisms 273 The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity 275
Revised Pages vi CONTENTS The Subjectivist Fallacy 194 The Relativist Fallacy 195 Two Wrongs Make a Right 196 Red Herring/Smoke Screen 197 Recap 199 Exercises 200 Chapter 7 More Fallacies 211 The Ad Hominem Fallacy 211 The Personal Attack Ad Hominem 212 The Inconsistency Ad Hominem 212 The Circumstantial Ad Hominem 214 Poisoning the Well 214 The Genetic Fallacy 214 “Positive Ad Hominem Fallacies” 215 Straw Man 215 False Dilemma 217 The Perfectionist Fallacy 220 The Line-Drawing Fallacy 220 Slippery Slope 221 Misplacing the Burden of Proof 222 Begging the Question 226 Recap 228 Exercises 229 Chapter 8 Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 254 Categorical Claims 256 Venn Diagrams 257 Translation into Standard Form 258 The Square of Opposition 263 Three Categorical Operations 265 Conversion 265 Obversion 266 Contraposition 266 Categorical Syllogisms 273 The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity 275 moo86677_fm_i-xxii.indd vi 6/23/08 3:45:14 PM