■3动词修饰语和状语 ■动词修饰语不同于状语,前者仅修饰动词,是词组成 分,而后者则修饰谓语,即修饰“动词词组+补足成 分”。例如: a He utterly denied that he had done it 他完全否认曾干过那桩事。 He angrily denied that he had done it 他愤怒地否认曾干过那桩事 ■在以上两句中,utry是动词修饰语,而 angel则是方 式状语,作为状语, angrily可在分裂句中作中心成分, 加以强调,比如可以说: It is angrily that he denied having done it.却不可以说: It is utterly that he denied having done it
◼ 3 动词修饰语和状语 ◼ 动词修饰语不同于状语,前者仅修饰动词,是词组成 分,而后者则修饰谓语,即修饰“动词词组+补足成 分” 。例如: ◼ He utterly denied that he had done it. 他完全否认曾干过那桩事。 ◼ He angrily denied that he had done it. 他愤怒地否认曾干过那桩事。 ◼ 在以上两句中,utterly是动词修饰语,而angrily则是方 式状语,作为状语,angrily可在分裂句中作中心成分, 加以强调,比如可以说: ◼ It is angrily that he denied having done it.却不可以说: ◼ It is utterly that he denied having done it.
作为状语, angrily可用于选择疑问句( Alternative Question)和 正一负的选择,比如可以说 Did he deny it angrily or calmly 他是愤怒地还是平静地否认此事? Did he deny it angrily or not angrily? 他是愤怒地还是不愤怒地否认此事? 却不可以说: Did he deny it utterly or partly? s Did he deny it utterly or not utterly? ■作为状语, angrily可用于How问句的简短回答,而作为动词修饰 语的utte却不可以这样用: ■ How did he deny it? Angrily 由此可见,不可以把动词、形容词、副词、介词等的修饰语和 状语混为一谈:按照层次分析法,它们不在同一层次上,它们 分别为词组成分和句子(分句)成分
◼ 作为状语,angrily可用于选择疑问句(Alternative Question)和 一正一负的选择,比如可以说: ◼ Did he deny it angrily or calmly? ◼ 他是愤怒地还是平静地否认此事? ◼ Did he deny it angrily or not angrily? ◼ 他是愤怒地还是不愤怒地否认此事? ◼ 却不可以说: ◼ * Did he deny it utterly or partly? ◼ * Did he deny it utterly or not utterly? ◼ 作为状语,angrily可用于How问句的简短回答,而作为动词修饰 语的utterly却不可以这样用: ◼ How did he deny it? -Angrily. ◼ 由此可见,不可以把动词、形容词、副词、介词等的修饰语和 状语混为一谈:按照层次分析法,它们不在同一层次上,它们 分别为词组成分和句子(分句)成分
4修饰的一般原则 由上例可以看出,修饰语不论在词组里,还是在句子里,通常遵循两条原则。 ■第一条原则:修饰和被修饰的关系必须清楚,如果有了修饰语,却找不到或 者不能确定被修饰语,那就成了“无依着修饰语”( Dangling Modifier), 这在修辞上是个忌讳,在通常情况下是要避免的。例如: Walking along the trestle, a train suddenly appeared To be considered for college, an aptitude test must be taken 上述第一例 walking along the trestle在句中找不到合适的逻辑主语。是谁走在 栈桥上呢?是火车吗?显然不可能。因此,在这个句子里, walking along the trestle是个无依着的修饰语,应该把它的修饰对象明确起来: Walking along the trestle, I suddenly saw a train 我走在栈桥上,突然看见一列火车 As I was walking along the trestle, a train suddenly appeared 正当我走在栈桥上,一列火车突然出现。 在上述第二例中 to be considered for college与主句挂不起钩来,是谁要上大 学呢?不可能是“能力测验”要上大学。因此这个句子中的不定式结构也应 消除“无依着”现象: To be considered for college, a student must take the aptitude test 学生要上大学,必须参加能力测验 在这里,学生参加能力测验,他的目的是上大学
◼ 4 修饰的一般原则 ◼ 由上例可以看出,修饰语不论在词组里,还是在句子里,通常遵循两条原则。 ◼ 第一条原则:修饰和被修饰的关系必须清楚,如果有了修饰语,却找不到或 者不能确定被修饰语,那就成了“无依着修饰语”(Dangling Modifier), 这在修辞上是个忌讳,在通常情况下是要避免的。例如: ◼ Walking along the trestle,a train suddenly appeared. ◼ To be considered for college,an aptitude test must be taken. ◼ 上述第一例walking along the trestle在句中找不到合适的逻辑主语。是谁走在 栈桥上呢?是火车吗?显然不可能。因此,在这个句子里,walking along the trestle是个无依着的修饰语,应该把它的修饰对象明确起来: ◼ Walking along the trestle,I suddenly saw a train. ◼ 我走在栈桥上,突然看见一列火车。 ◼ As I was walking along the trestle,a train suddenly appeared. ◼ 正当我走在栈桥上,一列火车突然出现。 ◼ 在上述第二例中to be considered for college也与主句挂不起钩来,是谁要上大 学呢?不可能是“能力测验”要上大学。因此这个句子中的不定式结构也应 消除“无依着”现象: ◼ To be considered for college,a student must take the aptitude test. ◼ 学生要上大学,必须参加能力测验。 ◼ 在这里,学生参加能力测验,他的目的是上大学
■第二条原则:修饰语必须尽可能地贴近它的修饰对象。根据这 条原则,修饰语在句中的不同位置往往引起句子意义的变化 例如: a The notice said only (=said merely) that clients were invited to see the exhibits on the third floor 通知只是说,邀请顾客们参观三楼展品。 a The notice said that only clients (=clients alone) were invited to see the exhibits on the third floor 通知说,只邀请顾客们参观三楼展品 a The notice said that clients were invited only (=invited for the one purpose) to see the exhibits on the third floor 通知说,邀请顾客们,只是为了让他们参观三楼展品。 The notice said that clients were invited to see the exhibits on the third floor only (=on the third floor alone ■通知说,邀请顾客们只参观三楼展品
◼ 第二条原则:修饰语必须尽可能地贴近它的修饰对象。根据这 条原则,修饰语在句中的不同位置往往引起句子意义的变化。 例如: ◼ The notice said only (=said merely)that clients were invited to see the exhibits on the third floor. ◼ 通知只是说,邀请顾客们参观三楼展品。 ◼ The notice said that only clients(=clients alone)were invited to see the exhibits on the third floor. ◼ 通知说,只邀请顾客们参观三楼展品。 ◼ The notice said that clients were invited only(=invited for the one purpose)to see the exhibits on the third floor. ◼ 通知说,邀请顾客们,只是为了让他们参观三楼展品。 ◼ The notice said that clients were invited to see the exhibits on the third floor only(=on the third floor alone). ◼ 通知说,邀请顾客们只参观三楼展品
由上述诸例可以看出,ony的修饰对象都是它最贴近的词语。如果一个修饰 语不贴近它的修饰对象,那就有可能引出歧义。比如说,“辆彩车沿街开 过”,如果把这句话说成 a car drove down the street decked with ribbons ■这显然是不合原意的,因为 decked with ribbons,本应修饰acar,却贴近了the street,从而这句话的意思变成了“一辆汽车开过了彩带飘扬的街道”。如果 要准确地表达原意,就得移动修饰语的位置,使之贴近被修饰语: A car decked with ribbons drove down the street 由上述诸例可以看出,在现代英语中关于运用修饰手段的两条原则是非常重 要的:违反了这两条原则,就会意义不明;如果遵循了这两条原则,那末, 不管用了多少修饰语,也不管句子多么复杂,句子的意义仍然是明白的。试 观察下面的句子 All of a sudden and without any warning the terrible flood came, a foaming, furious, thundering torrent, that destroyed houses, streets and whole villages drowning men, women, children, cats, dogs and cattle and turning the whole region into a lake, dotted here and there with tree-tops and houseroofs with men and women on them like drowned monkeys ■突然间,事先没有任何预警,可怕的洪水来到了,激流雷震,浊浪排空,人 畜屋庐尽遭淹没,洪水使整个地区一片汪洋,水面上只露出三三两两的树梢 和屋顶,男男女女就像落水猴于一样攀援在屋顶和树梢上 这是一幅多么惊心动魄的水灾惨象,然而,这么多的思想内容却通过各种修 饰手段纳入了仅仅一个句子。由此可以进一步看出“修饰”这一语法手段的 重大表意作用
◼ 由上述诸例可以看出,only的修饰对象都是它最贴近的词语。如果一个修饰 语不贴近它的修饰对象,那就有可能引出歧义。比如说,“一辆彩车沿街开 过”,如果把这句话说成: ◼ A car drove down the street decked with ribbons. ◼ 这显然是不合原意的,因为decked with ribbons,本应修饰a car,却贴近了the street,从而这句话的意思变成了“一辆汽车开过了彩带飘扬的街道”。如果 要准确地表达原意,就得移动修饰语的位置,使之贴近被修饰语: ◼ A car decked with ribbons drove down the street. ◼ 由上述诸例可以看出,在现代英语中关于运用修饰手段的两条原则是非常重 要的:违反了这两条原则,就会意义不明;如果遵循了这两条原则,那末, 不管用了多少修饰语,也不管句子多么复杂,句子的意义仍然是明白的。试 观察下面的句子: ◼ All of a sudden and without any warning the terrible flood came,a foaming, furious,thundering torrent,that destroyed houses,streets and whole villages, drowning men,women,children,cats,dogs and cattle and turning the whole region into a lake,dotted here and there with tree-tops and houseroofs with men and women on them like drowned monkeys. ◼ 突然间,事先没有任何预警,可怕的洪水来到了,激流雷震,浊浪排空,人 畜屋庐尽遭淹没,洪水使整个地区一片汪洋,水面上只露出三三两两的树梢 和屋顶,男男女女就像落水猴于一样攀援在屋顶和树梢上。 ◼ 这是一幅多么惊心动魄的水灾惨象,然而,这么多的思想内容却通过各种修 饰手段纳入了仅仅一个句子。由此可以进一步看出“修饰”这一语法手段的 重大表意作用