What is reasoning ? Reason is a mental faculty or ability found in human beings, that is used to question, evaluate and problem-solve Reason, as opposed to knowledge or intuition involves a conscious thinking-through in a way which can be expressed in language in philosophy, the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences reason is the power of synthesizing into unity, by means of comprehensive principles, the concepts that are provided by the intellect. ---Immanuel Kant
What is reasoning? ▪ Reason is a mental faculty or ability found in human beings, that is used to question, evaluate, and problem-solve ▪ Reason, as opposed to knowledge or intuition, involves a conscious thinking-through in a way which can be expressed in language. ▪ in philosophy, the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences ▪ reason is the power of synthesizing into unity, by means of comprehensive principles, the concepts that are provided by the intellect. ---Immanuel Kant
Reason compared to related concepts Reason compared to logic sometimes logic is seen as the most pure or the defining form of reason Logic is done inside a system while reason is done outside the system by such methods as skipping steps, working backward, drawing diagrams, looking at examples, or seeing what happens if you change the rules of the system
Reason compared to related concepts ▪ Reason compared to logic: sometimes logic is seen as the most pure or the defining form of reason Logic is done inside a system while reason is done outside the system by such methods as skipping steps, working backward, drawing diagrams, looking at examples, or seeing what happens if you change the rules of the system
Reason compared to cause-and-effect thinking, and symbolic thinking Reason, imagination, mimesis(模仿,and memory
▪ Reason compared to cause-and-effect thinking, and symbolic thinking ▪ Reason, imagination, mimesis(模仿), and memory
Logical reasoning methods and argumentation Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning(溯因推理) Analogical reasoning Fallacious reasoning
Logical reasoning methods and argumentation ▪ Deductive reasoning ▪ Inductive reasoning ▪ Abductive reasoning（溯因推理 ） ▪ Analogical reasoning ▪ Fallacious reasoning
顾名思义,思辨即用正确的思维方法或工具 (即称逻辑)进行对问题的辨识 辨识的问题主要有三类:是什么?做什么? 为什么?
▪ 顾名思义，思辨即用正确的思维方法或工具 （即称逻辑 ）进行对问题的辨识。 ▪ 辨识的问题主要有三类：是什么？做什么？ 为什么？