《考研英语写作的高分标准》宫东风作文讲义

考研英语写作的高分标准 考研英语写作的高分标准涉及以下六个方面: 1内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严重影响成绩,导致写作失败 2表达清楚。语言要简洁、准确、条理清晰,主题明确 意义连贯。遣词造句得当,表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理(以因果、对比、分类、定义、列举 概括、详情、时间、空间、过程或综合等方法来展开)。 4句式有变化。采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主被动 句、长句、短句、否定句、双重否定句、疑问句、反问句、倒装句、强调句、插入语、独立主格成分等, 5.用词有变化。避免重复使用同一词汇,可适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词使表达富有动感 同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。 6语言规范。符合英语的表达习惯,语法错误少,写出的英语不是中式英语 1历届考研英语写作命题总览考试年代考试题目选题范围 1991年 WHERE TO LIVE一 IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?环境 1992年 FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD人际关系 1993年 ADVERTISEMENT ON TV传媒 1994年 ON MAKING FRIENDS人际关系 1995年THE“ PROJECT HOPE”教育 1996年 GOOD HEALTH健康 1997年 SOMKING健康 1998年 BUSINESS PROMISE& GUARANTEE诚信 HUMAN POPULATION& WILDLIFE PROTECTION环境 2000年 WORLD COMMERCIAL FISH|NG环境 2001年LOVE人际关系 2002年 CULTURE一 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL文化 2003年 YOUTH DEVELOPMENT教育 2历届考研英语写作试题类型历届考研英语写作试题主要分为以下两大类型:1)1991-1996年 给出提纲或开头句的命题写作( writings based on given outlines or opening sentences)2)1997- 2003年:给出提纲的图画或图表写作( writings based on visual infomation or pictures or graphs)3 历届考研英语写作命题的启示从1991年至2003年共计13年的考题来分析,我们可以对考研英语写 作命题有如下认识:1)写作题目忌偏忌怪。考研英语写作选题范围都是目前人们最为关注的问题,从 子女与父母的关系到健康的重要性,从近年来泛滥的行业”承诺"到世界烟民的现状、从希望工程到电视广 告、从环境保护到生物种类趋于灭绝,以及2002年和2003年的考题所涉及的国际文化交流与青少年成材 的题目,无不反映了当前社会的热门话题。2)文体基本上是说明文和议论文。考这类体裁的写作比较 符合形势发展的实际需要。在学习、工作和生活中,人们所书写的材料大多也是说明文或议论文 出题形式在平稳中逐渐趋于多样化。4)写作题目易于理解。写作题目无论以文字的形式还是以图表 图画的形式出现都会浅显易懂。考生不会因题目中出现生词或难以理解的短语而影响正常发挥。 考研英语写作文章的常规整体构建模式 考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段 短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示 1.开头段

考研英语写作的高分标准 考研英语写作的高分标准涉及以下六个方面： 1.内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。 2.表达清楚。语言要简洁、准确、条理清晰，主题明确。 3.意义连贯。遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理（以因果、对比、分类、定义、列举、 概括、详情、时间、空间、过程或综合等方法来展开）。 4.句式有变化。采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主被动 句、长句、短句、否定句、双重否定句、疑问句、反问句、倒装句、强调句、插入语、独立主格成分等。 5.用词有变化。避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词使表达富有动感。 同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。 6.语言规范。符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。 1.历届考研英语写作命题总览 考试年代 考试题目 选题范围 1991 年 WHERE TO LIVE—IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY? 环境 1992 年 FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD 人际关系 1993 年 ADVERTISEMENT ON TV 传媒 1994 年 ON MAKING FRIENDS 人际关系 1995 年 THE “PROJECT HOPE” 教育 1996 年 GOOD HEALTH 健康 1997 年 SOMKING 健康 1998 年 BUSINESS PROMISE & GUARANTEE 诚信 1999 年 HUMAN POPULATION & WILDLIFE PROTECTION 环境 2000 年 WORLD COMMERCIAL FISHING 环境 2001 年 LOVE 人际关系 2002 年 CULTURE—NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL 文化 2003 年 YOUTH DEVELOPMENT 教育 2.历届考研英语写作试题类型 历届考研英语写作试题主要分为以下两大类型： 1)1991—1996 年： 给出提纲或开头句的命题写作（writings based on given outlines or opening sentences） 2)1997— 2003 年：给出提纲的图画或图表写作（writings based on visual information or pictures or graphs） 3. 历届考研英语写作命题的启示 从 1991 年至 2003 年共计 13 年的考题来分析，我们可以对考研英语写 作命题有如下认识： 1) 写作题目忌偏忌怪。考研英语写作选题范围都是目前人们最为关注的问题，从 子女与父母的关系到健康的重要性，从近年来泛滥的行业"承诺"到世界烟民的现状、从希望工程到电视广 告、从环境保护到生物种类趋于灭绝，以及 2002 年和 2003 年的考题所涉及的国际文化交流与青少年成材 的题目，无不反映了当前社会的热门话题。 2) 文体基本上是说明文和议论文。考这类体裁的写作比较 符合形势发展的实际需要。在学习、工作和生活中，人们所书写的材料大多也是说明文或议论文。 3) 出题形式在平稳中逐渐趋于多样化。 4) 写作题目易于理解。写作题目无论以文字的形式还是以图表、 图画的形式出现都会浅显易懂。考生不会因题目中出现生词或难以理解的短语而影响正常发挥。 考研英语写作文章的常规整体构建模式 考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段 短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。 1. 开头段

开头段一定要语言精练,并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨,具体的论证或叙 述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。考生应注意以下若干要点: 1)开头段的作用 概括陈述主题,提出观点或论点,表明写作意图。 2)写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题 ①开头偏离主题太远 ②使用抱歉或埋怨之词句: 容不具体,言之无物 ④使用不言自明的陈述 3)开头段的表达方法 ①使用引语( use a quotation) 使用一段名人名言,或人们常用的谚语、习语,以确定文章的写作范围和方向 Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them Colton, a gre writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success ②使用具体详实的数字或数据( use figures or statistics) 引用一些具体详实的数字或数据,然后作出概括性分析,指明问题的症结所在 In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent 提出问题( ask a question) 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题,然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论

开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙 述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。考生应注意以下若干要点： 1) 开头段的作用 概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。 2) 写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题 ① 开头偏离主题太远； ② 使用抱歉或埋怨之词句； ③ 内容不具体，言之无物； ④ 使用不言自明的陈述。 3) 开头段的表达方法 ① 使用引语（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。 例： "Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them." Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. ② 使用具体详实的数字或数据（use figures or statistics） 引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。 例： In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent. ③ 提出问题（ask a question） 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。 例：

What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things ④给出背景( offer relevant background) 描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等 aper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concem. ⑤定义法( give definition) 针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义,然后进行深入探讨。 Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly leam and adapt or risk ming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it. ⑥主题句法( use of topic sentence) 文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题,然后围绕主题内容进行发展。 Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one,s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language 4)开头段的常用核心句型 The arguer may be right about. but he seems to neglect ( fail)to mention( take into account)the

What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. ④ 给出背景（offer relevant background） 描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等。 例： Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern. ⑤ 定义法（give definition） 针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。 例： Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it. ⑥ 主题句法（use of topic sentence） 文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。 例： Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one's career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 4) 开头段的常用核心句型 -- The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) the

fact that As opposed to(Contrary to) widely(commonly /generally) held(accepted)belief (ideas /views), believe(argue)that Although many people believe that., I doubt(wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination). The advantages of b outweigh any benefit we gained from(carry more weight than those of /are much greater than)A. Although it is commonly(widely /generally) held (felt/ accepted agreed)that., it is unlikely to be true that here is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more ba (important/essentialfact (reason) that It is true that (True, To be sure, Admittedly, ). but this is not to say (it is unlikely /it doesn t follow/it doesnt mean/ it wont be the case)that The main(obvious great) problem(flaw /drawback) with(in this argument (view remark)is that it is ignorant of(blind to) the basic(bare )fact that It would be possible(natural /reasonable)to think(believe / take the view)that., but it would be absurd (wrong)to claim(argue)that In all the discussion and debate over, one important(basic) fact is generally overlooked There is absolutely (in fact) no(every) reason for us to believe(accept/resist /reject) that Logical (Valid Sound) as this argument and i wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd)when. is taken into consideration(account) To assume(suggest that is far from being proved to miss the point A close(careful)inspection(examination /scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious)itis On the surface(At first thought), it( this)may seem a sound(an attractive) suggestion(solution idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis /on second thought), we find that Too much emphasis placed on(attention paid to / importance attached to)... may obscure (overlook/neglect) other facts

fact that …. -- As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) that … -- Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination). -- The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A. -- Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that …, it is unlikely to be true that …. -- There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that …. -- It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,) …, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn't follow / it doesn't mean / it won't be the case) that …. -- The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that …. -- It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that …, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that …. -- In all the discussion and debate over …, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected). -- There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that …. -- Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration(account). -- To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point). -- A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is. -- On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that … -- Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) … may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts …

The danger(problem/fact/truth/ point) is that What the arguer fails to understand (consider/ mention) is that e don t have to look very far to see(find out) the truth(validity ) of this argument (proposition) However just (logical sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of Among the most convincing(important) reasons given(cited /offered /identified) by people for one should be stressed (emphasized /mentioned) As far as i am concerned however i believe that I believe that the title statement is valid because(of) I agree with the above statement because l believe that Although I appreciate that., I cannot agree with the title statement ere is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of.. Those who object to .. argue that But people who favor., on the other hand, argue that Currently(In recent years In the past few years/ For many years now), there is(has been) a(n) general (widespread growing widely held) feeling towards(ooncem over/ attitude towards / trend towards/ awareness of / realization of /illusion of /belief in) Now it is commonly(widely generally /increasingly) believed( thought /held accepted/ felt ecognized/ acknowledged)that.. But I wonder(doubt whether These days we are often told that (often hear about)., but is this really the case? 2.中间段 中间段是文章的正文,其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证 1)中间段的一般特征 ①篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。 ②每段有相应的主题句 ③包含定义、解释、描写,说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段

-- The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…. -- What the arguer fails to understand (consider / mention) is that …. -- We don't have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition). -- However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem. -- Among the most convincing (important) reasons given (cited / offered / identified) by people for …, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned). -- As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that …. -- I believe that the title statement is valid because (of) …. -- I agree with the above statement because I believe that …. -- Although I appreciate that …, I cannot agree with the title statement. -- There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to … argue that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that…. -- Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)…. -- Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that …. But I wonder (doubt) whether …. -- These days we are often told that (often hear about) …, but is this really the case? 2. 中间段 中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。 1) 中间段的一般特征 ① 篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。 ② 每段有相应的主题句。 ③ 包含定义、解释、描写，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段