新考纲完形填句(段)题型制胜方略 完形填句(段)是2005年新增加题型,许多同学对这种新题型感到比较陌生,特写此 文与广大学员商榷与探讨 大纲要求 1篇文章(500-600词),测试文章结构,共10分,该节共5题,主要考察考生对诸如连 贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄 清文章的整体和微观结构 、出题形式以及特点 1.出题位置 ①句子(段首,段中,段尾,缺1句或1个以上的句子 ②段落(一般是一段) 该节分为两个部分:主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约600词,其中有5段空白 处一空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段未,但不会是文章的第一句,一般情况下也不 会是最后一句。选项部分为6或7文字,每段可能是一个句子,可能是两三个短句,也有可 能是完整的段落。其中5段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选 项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处 2出题数量 非等额选项(题目5道,6-7个选项) 3测试重点 考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局,从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内 容上看是属于文章的哪个部分,并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可 能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示,也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节; 而是要着眼于全文,在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系(如时间、地点、因果关系、从 属关系等)的基础之上方能做出正确选择
新考纲完形填句(段)题型制胜方略 北京新东方学校 完形填句（段）是 2005 年新增加题型，许多同学对这种新题型感到比较陌生，特写此 文与广大学员商榷与探讨。 一、大纲要求 1 篇文章(500-600 词)，测试文章结构，共 10 分，该节共 5 题，主要考察考生对诸如连 贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄 清文章的整体和微观结构。 二、出题形式以及特点 1．出题位置 ① 句子(段首,段中,段尾 ,缺 1 句或 1 个以上的句子) ② 段落(一般是一段) 该节分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约 600 词，其中有 5 段空白 处—空白处的位置可能在段首、段落中间、段未，但不会是文章的第一句，一般情况下也不 会是最后一句。选项部分为 6 或 7 文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句，也有可 能是完整的段落。其中 5 段分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选 项中选择 5 段文字放回到文章中相应的 5 段空白处。 2 出题数量 非等额选项（题目 5 道，6-7 个选项） 3 测试重点 考生需要认真搞清楚主干内容和结构上的关系和布局，从而分辨出选项部分从结构和内 容上看是属于文章的哪个部分，并可以与空白处的上下文有机地衔接起来。一般情况下不可 能有特别明显的词汇、句子等语言方面的提示，也并不要求考生过分关注某一具体的细节； 而是要着眼于全文，在理解全文内容、文章结构、逻辑关系（如时间、地点、因果关系、从 属关系等）的基础之上方能做出正确选择
三、文章的结构 1描述性结构(主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点,对人物的描述如传记,包括人身 体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往 是出题重点 2释义性结构解释某一理论、学科、事物,主要用例子比喻类比阐述) 3比较性结构把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比) 4原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因,客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的) 5驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点,然后对其评论或驳斥,然后分析其 优点缺点,危害性,最后阐明自己的观点 以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句(段)题型的出题原则。 四、完形填句(段)题解题步骤 1阅读文章题目附近的句子,锁定目标答案可能的特征 2阅读选择项,寻找特征词 特征词:代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等 3回头再去看原文,明确1—5位置 ①开头常是主题句,不行再看前和尾 ②中间不忘主题句,前瞻后望找启示 ③末尾常是下结论,也可排比和例子 4用代入法通读全文,检查答案是否合理 五、完形填句(段)题的解题技巧 1就近原则寻找信息线索 2选项中出现时间年代时,往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系
三、文章的结构 1 描述性结构(主要介绍事物 、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身 体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述、因此时间、地点往往 是出题重点) 2 释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述) 3 比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比) 4 原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的) 5 驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其 优点缺点，危害性，最后阐明自己的观点)。 以上文章结构的知识其实反映了完型填句（段）题型的出题原则。 四、完形填句（段）题解题步骤 1 阅读文章题目附近的句子，锁定目标答案可能的特征 2 阅读选择项，寻找特征词 特征词：代词、专用名词、连接词、数字、复数名词等 3 回头再去看原文，明确 1—5 位置 ①开头常是主题句，不行再看前和尾 ②中间不忘主题句，前瞻后望找启示 ③ 末尾常是下结论，也可排比和例子 4 用代入法通读全文，检查答案是否合理 五、完形填句（段）题的解题技巧 1 就近原则寻找信息线索 2 选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系
3选项中出现代词时,往往该选项往往不能放在首句,往往要注意指代成立的条件。 t可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子;they或them指代前面的复数名词:one指代前面 的单数可数名词;that指代前面的不可数名词或句子;this指代前面的单数名词或句子 4绝对常是干扰项,意思太泛太窄要小心 5警惕无关离题词,两项相近有答案 6选项对比原文时,与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项 7总体观、相互补,做题不用按顺序,选做易后做难,莫忘近邻上下文 8完形填句题常考的逻辑关系词 并列和递进关系 ①标志词:and, indeed. also, besides, almost,even, similarly,like, correspondingly accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too ②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性 转折或让步的对立关系 ①标志词:but,yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary ②前后句子的名词同指,但句意对立,往往出现以下情况:a褒贬对立:b.句式结构对 立,前肯后否、前否后肯 例证关系 ①标志词: for example, for instance. for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustra ②出题模式:a.总结说明例子(例证),总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词 example, for in stance此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子。b.例子(例证)总结说 明,总结说明提前往往伴有提示词:thus, therefore, in conclusion, as a result 定义关系 ①有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句,所以放段首或段尾
3 选项中出现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，往往要注意指代成立的条件。 it 可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they 或 them 指代前面的复数名词；one 指代前面 的单数可数名词；that 指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this 指代前面的单数名词或句子。 4 绝对常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心 5 警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案 6 选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是选项 7 总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文 8 完形填句题常考的逻辑关系词 并列和递进关系 ①标志词： and, indeed,also, besides, almost, even, similarly, like, correspondingly, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover, too ②前后句子的名词或意思具有同指性 转折或让步的对立关系 ①标志词：but, yet, however, although, though, while, wheras, despite, by contrast, on the contrary ②前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，往往出现以下情况：a.褒贬对立；b.句式结构对 立，前肯后否、前否后肯 例证关系 ①标志词 ：for example, for instance. for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, that is, namely, verify ②出题模式：a. 总结说明 例子(例证)，总结说明后往往伴有表例证关系的提示词；for example, for in stance 此时前面往往有复数名词或表述概念句子。b. 例子(例证) 总结说 明，总结说明提前往往伴有提示词：thus ,therefore, in conclusion, as a result 定义关系 ①有定义或释义关系的句子往往是文章或段落主题句，所以放段首或段尾
②下定义的方式有:a:判断句:AisB:b:名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容) 名词+同位语;d:名词+ be called+名词;e:by+名词(被定义对象)+ be meant+名词定义内 ③下定义时所伴随的过度词: namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather 9放在段首的句子的特点 ①当选项或某段段首会含有 between…and, either…or, not only… but also ②复数名词时,那么该段将是总分结构,其中提到的名词可能定是线索 ③会有标点符号:或 10放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词: ①因果连词: therefore,thus, as a result, for this reason, hence ②总结性连词: in short., to sum up, to conclude, in a word ③转折性连词:but, nevertheless 六完形填句(段)通用的解题方法 1主旨解题法 2同现关系 3复现关系 4逻辑关系与解题法 5数单词个数解题法 完形填句(段)题型示范及练习 第一篇(样题) Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list a-g to fit into each of the numbered blank there are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 point
②下定义的方式有：a：判断句：A is B；b：名词(被定义对象)+定语从句(定义内容)；c： 名词 +同位语；d：名词+be called+名词；e：by+名词(被定义对象)+be meant + 名词(定义内 容)。 ③下定义时所伴随的过度词：namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather 9 放在段首的句子的特点 ①当选项或某段段首会含有 between…and ,either…or, not only…but also； ②复数名词时，那么该段将是总分结构，其中提到的名词可能定是线索； ③会有标点符号：或； 10 放在段尾的句子有时也会有提示词： ①因果连词：therefore, thus, as a result, for this reason, hence ②总结性连词：in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word ③转折性连词：but, nevertheless 六 完形填句（段）通用的解题方法 1 主旨解题法 2 同现关系 3 复现关系 4 逻辑关系与解题法 5 数单词个数解题法 完形填句（段）题型示范及练习 第一篇（样题） Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45 ,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices ,which do not fit in any of the gaps .Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals Ithough some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now 41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate 42) Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting 43)There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feer eyes, often with thousands of swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound 4)Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the dorset coast 45) About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings [A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known BNevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate IC]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea and in the air D The best index fossils tend to be marine creature There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world [E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. later forma are complex and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the tar-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks
Long before Man lived on the Earth , there were fishes ,reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today ,others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now . 41)Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land ,often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. 42)____Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting. 43) There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom ,the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 44)____Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important .They have a shell composed of many chambers , each representing a temporary home of the animal .As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one .Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast . 45)____ About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse . Many of the later mammals though now extinct ,were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings . [A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. [B]Nevertheless , we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils ,From them we can tell their size and shape ,how they walked ,the kind of food they ate . [C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes ,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago .About 300 million years ago the amphibians ,the animals able to live both on land and in water , appeared. They were giant ,sometimes 8 feet long ,and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam ,or layer ,or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land ,in the sea ,and in the air . [D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature .There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world . [E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex ,and among these are the sea-lilies , relations of the star-fishes ,which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed ,or to rocks