Unit 3 Bards of the Internet By Phillip Elmer-Dewitt I.Teaching Aims: 1.To get the students know the style of an exposition. 2.To have the students understand the satirical words and sentences used in the essay 3.To get students grasp the key words and sentences structures. II.Teaching Importance and Difficulties: 1.Understand the author's main purpose of writing the essay. 2.Know the writing strategies of the text. 3.Grasp the key language points in the text. III.Teaching periods:6 periods IV.Teaching steps: 1.Warm-up Questions: 1)Do you frequently surf the Internet?For what purpose do you do it most of time? 2)How has the Internet changed our lives? 2.Information related to the text: 1)About the author:Philip Elmer-DeWitt has been covering science and technology for Time Magazine since he reported a cover story on computer "Whiz Kids"in 1982.He became a staff writer in 1983,a senior writer in 1993,a senior editor in 1994 and an assistant managing editor in 1997.He started two new sections in the magazine-Computers(1982)and Technology (1987)-and in 1994 helped launch Time Online (now Time.com),America's first interactive weekly newsmagazine.In January 2002 he was promoted to sciences editor,directing Time's coverage of science,medicine,space and the environment. 2)About the text:This essay describes the current fashion of net writing,explores the causes of the poor quality of writing found on the Internet,explains its merits and differences from published writing as well as justifications for its survival and prevalence.The essay can be divided into 3 parts (asking the class to divide the text) Part I(Para 1-2)is an introductory part that presents an analytical comparison between what happened to writing when the telephone was invented and what is happening on computer networks now. Part II(Para 3-11)is the main body,exploring the causes of the poor quality of writing found on the Internet and explaining its merits and differences from published writing as well as justifications for its survival and prevalence. Part III (Para.12-13)presents a counter-argument to one of the criticisms against net writing. 3.Detailed Study of the Text: Part One (Para.1-2) Ql:What was one of the unintended side effects of the invention of the telephone? One of the unintended side effects of the invention of the telephone was that writing went out of style. Unintended:accidental e.g.He was an unintended victim of gunfire. The group argues that many of the proposed reforms will have unintended consequences. (1)One of the unintended side effects of the invention of the telephone was that writing went out of style:when telephone was invented,no one realized at that time that it would outdate writing. (2).and give their fingers-and sometimes their mind-a rest:.and prefer to use the telephone rather than the pen(in a humorous way) (3)Which makes what's happening on the computer networks all the more startling:here "which"is a relative pronoun referring to the situation mentioned in the preceding paragraph.The sentence would be grammatically acceptable if it were restructured as "All this makes what's happening on the computer networks all the more startling". (4)Just when the media of McLuha were supposed to render obsolete the medium of
Unit 3 Bards of the Internet By Phillip Elmer-Dewitt I. Teaching Aims: 1. To get the students know the style of an exposition. 2. To have the students understand the satirical words and sentences used in the essay. 3. To get students grasp the key words and sentences structures. II. Teaching Importance and Difficulties: 1. Understand the author’s main purpose of writing the essay. 2. Know the writing strategies of the text. 3. Grasp the key language points in the text. III. Teaching periods: 6 periods IV. Teaching steps: 1. Warm-up Questions: 1) Do you frequently surf the Internet? For what purpose do you do it most of time? 2) How has the Internet changed our lives? 2. Information related to the text: 1) About the author: Philip Elmer-DeWitt has been covering science and technology for Time Magazine since he reported a cover story on computer "Whiz Kids" in 1982. He became a staff writer in 1983, a senior writer in 1993, a senior editor in 1994 and an assistant managing editor in 1997. He started two new sections in the magazine-Computers (1982) and Technology (1987)-and in 1994 helped launch Time Online (now Time.com), America's first interactive weekly newsmagazine. In January 2002 he was promoted to sciences editor, directing Time's coverage of science, medicine, space and the environment. 2) About the text: This essay describes the current fashion of net writing, explores the causes of the poor quality of writing found on the Internet, explains its merits and differences from published writing as well as justifications for its survival and prevalence. The essay can be divided into 3 parts (asking the class to divide the text) Part I (Para. 1—2) is an introductory part that presents an analytical comparison between what happened to writing when the telephone was invented and what is happening on computer networks now. Part II (Para. 3—11) is the main body, exploring the causes of the poor quality of writing found on the Internet and explaining its merits and differences from published writing as well as justifications for its survival and prevalence. Part III (Para. 12—13) presents a counter-argument to one of the criticisms against net writing. 3. Detailed Study of the Text: Part One (Para.1-2) Q1: What was one of the unintended side effects of the invention of the telephone? One of the unintended side effects of the invention of the telephone was that writing went out of style. Unintended: accidental e.g. He was an unintended victim of gunfire. The group argues that many of the proposed reforms will have unintended consequences. (1) One of the unintended side effects of the invention of the telephone was that writing went out of style: when telephone was invented, no one realized at that time that it would outdate writing. (2).and give their fingers—and sometimes their mind—a rest: .and prefer to use the telephone rather than the pen (in a humorous way) (3) Which makes what’s happening on the computer networks all the more startling: here “which” is a relative pronoun referring to the situation mentioned in the preceding paragraph. The sentence would be grammatically acceptable if it were restructured as “All this makes what’s happening on the computer networks all the more startling”. (4) Just when the media of McLuha were supposed to render obsolete the medium of
Shakespeare,the online world is experiencing the greatest boom in letter writing since the 18th century:Contrary to what is expected,at a time when the media of McLuhan were supposed to make the medium of Shakespeare out of date,letter writing on the Internet is enjoying the greatest development since the 18th century. Q2:What is the main idea of Part One? This part is an introductory lead that presents an analytical comparison between what happened to writing when the telephone was invented and what is happening on computer networks now. Part Two(Para.3-11) Para.3 Q1:What is the meaning of the first sentence of Para.3? It means that Jon Carroll firmly believes that E-mail and computer-conferencing demonstrate to a whole generation of people that language we use does not have to be always so formal as in traditional letter-writing;it can be used in a casual manner while still serving its purpose effectively Q2:What is Jon Carroll? He is a columnist at the San Francisco Chronicle. Q3:With what does Patrick Nielsen Hayden compare electronic bulletin boards? He compares electronic bulletin boards with the "scribblers'compacts"of the late 18th and early 19th centuries,in which members passed letters from hand to hand,adding a little more at each turn. Q4:To what does David Sewell liken netwriting? He likens netwriting to the literary scene Mark Twain discovered in San Francisco in 1860s, "when people were reinventing journalism by grafting it onto the tall-tale folk tradition. Q5:Would you paraphrase the answer? David Sewell compares netwriting to the literary scene Mark Twain discovered in San Francisco in the 1860s,"when journalists were fond of writing news reports in the traditional tall-tale style” (1)liken.to to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else; compare.to E.g.She likened the experience to sinking into a warm bath. Our small company can be likened to a big,happy family. (2)reinvent:to produce sth new that is based on sth.that already exists. E.g.The story of Romeo and Juliet was reinvented as a Los Angeles gangster movie. He's one of those sportsmen who reinvent themselves as TV presenters. (3)graft:to join or add something new E.g.A piece of skin was removed from her leg and grafted onto her face. The management tried unsuccessfully to graft new working methods onto the existing ways of doing things. (4)the tall-tale tradition:the tradition in which people tell a story or a tale in a fanciful and exaggerated manner.A"tall-tale/a tall-story"is a story or tale that is hard to believe,because it is so exaggerated or unlikely.Here the author refers to a unique kind of journalism in which people report news in much the same way as people tell tall-tales. (5)hark back to:to talk about sth.again and again,often to a way which annoys other people; to remember or retell a previous event or topic. E.g.He is always harking back to his army days. You are always harking back to how things were when you were young. This book harks back to the author's earlier works on philosophy. (6)pamphleteer:someone who writes thin books with only a few pages which gives information or an opinion about sth. Q6:In this paragraph a number of people's remarks are quoted,what do these quotations serve as?What is the implication of these quotations? These quotations serve as evidence of the fact that deviations from the traditional medium of letter writing are not rare in history.The implication is that we should not be surprised by the boom of netwriting. Para.4
Shakespeare, the online world is experiencing the greatest boom in letter writing since the 18th century: Contrary to what is expected, at a time when the media of McLuhan were supposed to make the medium of Shakespeare out of date, letter writing on the Internet is enjoying the greatest development since the 18th century. Q2: What is the main idea of Part One? This part is an introductory lead that presents an analytical comparison between what happened to writing when the telephone was invented and what is happening on computer networks now. Part Two (Para.3-11) Para.3 Q1: What is the meaning of the first sentence of Para.3? It means that Jon Carroll firmly believes that E-mail and computer-conferencing demonstrate to a whole generation of people that language we use does not have to be always so formal as in traditional letter-writing; it can be used in a casual manner while still serving its purpose effectively. Q2: What is Jon Carroll? He is a columnist at the San Francisco Chronicle. Q3: With what does Patrick Nielsen Hayden compare electronic bulletin boards? He compares electronic bulletin boards with the “scribblers’ compacts” of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in which members passed letters from hand to hand, adding a little more at each turn. Q4: To what does David Sewell liken netwriting? He likens netwriting to the literary scene Mark Twain discovered in San Francisco in 1860s, “when people were reinventing journalism by grafting it onto the tall-tale folk tradition. Q5: Would you paraphrase the answer? David Sewell compares netwriting to the literary scene Mark Twain discovered in San Francisco in the 1860s, “when journalists were fond of writing news reports in the traditional tall-tale style”. (1) liken .to : to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else; compare. to E.g. She likened the experience to sinking into a warm bath. Our small company can be likened to a big, happy family. (2) reinvent: to produce sth new that is based on sth. that already exists. E.g. The story of Romeo and Juliet was reinvented as a Los Angeles gangster movie. He’s one of those sportsmen who reinvent themselves as TV presenters. (3) graft: to join or add something new E.g. A piece of skin was removed from her leg and grafted onto her face. The management tried unsuccessfully to graft new working methods onto the existing ways of doing things. (4) the tall-tale tradition: the tradition in which people tell a story or a tale in a fanciful and exaggerated manner. A “tall-tale/a tall-story” is a story or tale that is hard to believe, because it is so exaggerated or unlikely. Here the author refers to a unique kind of journalism in which people report news in much the same way as people tell tall-tales. (5) hark back to: to talk about sth. again and again, often to a way which annoys other people; to remember or retell a previous event or topic. E.g. He is always harking back to his army days. You are always harking back to how things were when you were young. This book harks back to the author’s earlier works on philosophy. (6) pamphleteer: someone who writes thin books with only a few pages which gives information or an opinion about sth. Q6: In this paragraph a number of people’s remarks are quoted, what do these quotations serve as? What is the implication of these quotations? These quotations serve as evidence of the fact that deviations from the traditional medium of letter writing are not rare in history. The implication is that we should not be surprised by the boom of netwriting. Para.4
Q1:What question will be invited by such comparisons in the previous paragraph? If online writing today represents some sort of renaissance,why is so much of it so awful? Q2:How awful is the online writing? It can be very bad indeed:sloppy,meandering,puerile,ungrammatical,poorly spelled, badly structured and at times virtually content free. (1)For it can be very bad indeed:sloppy,meandering,puerile,ungrammatical,poorly spelled, badly structured and at times virtually content free:for it can be very bad indeed:careless, pointless,childish,with many grammatical and spelling mistakes,and structural mistakes,and sometimes it has no real message or meaning. (2)"I THINK METALLICA IZ REEL KOOL DOOD!11!!":This is an example of sloppy writing on the Internet.Presumably it should read"I think Metallica is really cool dude!Number one ! Q3:What is the main idea of this paragraph? In this paragraph the author concedes the most serious problem of netwriting,its poor quality. Para.5-6 (1)Gerard Van der Leun.has emerged as one of the preeminent stylists on the Net:Gerard Van der Leun has become known as one of the most important stylists on the Internet. (2)They are not to have and hold;they are to fire and forget.:they are of little literary value, so people write them,send them and forget them. (3)Many online postings are composed with "live"the clock ticking:many online postings are written spontaneously,with no preparation within a very short time. (4)it takes a hell of a lot of work to get published,which naturally weeds out a lot of the garbage:If you want to have your book or article published,you need to do a lot of work.In this way a lot of untalented writers are prevented from publishing bad works (5)weed out:to get rid of unwanted things or people from a group E.g.They intend to weed out unqualified applicants. Would you like me to help you weed the vegetable garden? Q1:These two paragraphs tell us the author's exploration of the reasons why the quality of netwriting is so poor.Once again the author quotes some remarks made by other people.Then what are the reasons that could account for the poor quality of netwriting? First,things(such as E-mail)written on the Internet have little literary value,so they're not meant to be permanent.They just come and go and no one will ever remember them,once they are read.Second,many online postings are produced under great time pressure.Third,there is actually no threshold on the Internet,so that anyone can log on and send out what they have written. Para.7 (1)But even among the reams of bad poetry,gems are to be found:even though most of the poems are of bad quality,there are still some really good ones. (2)Mnemonic:(sth.)used to help a person remember. (3)He did,and blew them all away:he did publish his poems,and overwhelmed them all. Here "to blow someone away"is an informal expression which means "to make someone feel very surprised,especially about something they like or admire".It also means "to defeat someone completely.” (4)Mark:it refers to the fellow network scribbler mentioned in the preceding sentence. (5)"I was dressed as the Canterbury Tales":it means "I was dressed in a very old-fashioned medieval style." The whole sentence suggests that Green wanted to attract attention. Q1:What does the author want to tell us by writing this paragraph? The author begins to cite examples in defense of netwriting.He first points out that there are actually some really good writings(gems)on the Internet. Para.8-9 (1).a Darwinian survival principle has started to prevail:Darwin's survival principle has started to come into effect gain influence or control be widely accepted. Q1:What is the meaning of the whole sentence (first one) There are so many writers in the prosaic technical and political discussion groups who are competing for attention that a kind of Darwinian survival principle (i.e.the survival of the fittest)
Q1：What question will be invited by such comparisons in the previous paragraph? If online writing today represents some sort of renaissance, why is so much of it so awful? Q2: How awful is the online writing? It can be very bad indeed: sloppy, meandering, puerile, ungrammatical, poorly spelled, badly structured and at times virtually content free. (1) For it can be very bad indeed: sloppy, meandering, puerile, ungrammatical, poorly spelled, badly structured and at times virtually content free: for it can be very bad indeed: careless, pointless, childish, with many grammatical and spelling mistakes, and structural mistakes, and sometimes it has no real message or meaning. (2) “I THINK METALLICA IZ REEL KOOL DOOD! 1!!!”: This is an example of sloppy writing on the Internet. Presumably it should read “I think Metallica is really cool dude! Number one !!!” Q3: What is the main idea of this paragraph? In this paragraph the author concedes the most serious problem of netwriting, its poor quality. Para.5-6 (1) Gerard Van der Leun.has emerged as one of the preeminent stylists on the Net: Gerard Van der Leun has become known as one of the most important stylists on the Internet. (2) They are not to have and hold; they are to fire and forget.: they are of little literary value, so people write them, send them and forget them. (3) Many online postings are composed with “live” the clock ticking: many online postings are written spontaneously, with no preparation within a very short time. (4) it takes a hell of a lot of work to get published, which naturally weeds out a lot of the garbage: If you want to have your book or article published, you need to do a lot of work. In this way a lot of untalented writers are prevented from publishing bad works. (5) weed out: to get rid of unwanted things or people from a group E.g. They intend to weed out unqualified applicants. Would you like me to help you weed the vegetable garden? Q1: These two paragraphs tell us the author’s exploration of the reasons why the quality of netwriting is so poor. Once again the author quotes some remarks made by other people. Then what are the reasons that could account for the poor quality of netwriting? First, things (such as E-mail) written on the Internet have little literary value, so they’re not meant to be permanent. They just come and go and no one will ever remember them, once they are read. Second, many online postings are produced under great time pressure. Third, there is actually no threshold on the Internet, so that anyone can log on and send out what they have written. Para.7 (1) But even among the reams of bad poetry, gems are to be found: even though most of the poems are of bad quality, there are still some really good ones. (2) Mnemonic: (sth.) used to help a person remember . (3) He did, and blew them all away: he did publish his poems, and overwhelmed them all. Here “to blow someone away” is an informal expression which means “to make someone feel very surprised, especially about something they like or admire”. It also means “to defeat someone completely.” (4) Mark: it refers to the fellow network scribbler mentioned in the preceding sentence. (5) “I was dressed as the Canterbury Tales”: it means “I was dressed in a very old-fashioned medieval style.” The whole sentence suggests that Green wanted to attract attention. Q1: What does the author want to tell us by writing this paragraph? The author begins to cite examples in defense of netwriting. He first points out that there are actually some really good writings (gems) on the Internet. Para.8-9 (1) .a Darwinian survival principle has started to prevail: Darwin’s survival principle has started to come into effect / gain influence or control / be widely accepted. Q1: What is the meaning of the whole sentence (first one) There are so many writers in the prosaic technical and political discussion groups who are competing for attention that a kind of Darwinian survival principle (i.e. the survival of the fittest)
has started to be widely accepted Q2:What are the criteria for good writing favored by the Internet? Good writing on the Internet should be clear.witty and brief.Units of thought are to be found in short paragraphs,bulleted lists and one-liners. (2).writers compose in a kind of collaborative heat,knocking ideas against one another until they spark:.writers work in a kind of cooperation by engaging themselves in heated discussions and arguments about different ideas until they come up with really brilliant ones. Q3:What does the author discuss in the two paragraphs? In these two paragraphs,the author discusses two reasons why there are some "gems"on the Internet;one is that "the Darwinian survival principle has started to prevail",which means that only good writing will survive;and the other is the"collaborative"work in computer conferences, at which ideas are knocked against one another"until they spark" Para.10 (1)Unless they adjust to.more nimble networks:if they do not adjust themselves to the medium of netwriting,they can make themselves look conceited and self-important in online debates with more quick-witted and flexible networks. (2).can come across as self-important blowhards:.can leave an impression as a conceited person who loves to show off. (3).their blue-blooded peers.:blue-blooded people are usually members of royal or noble families.Here the author refers to well-educated kids. Q1:In this paragraph,the author explains one of the distinguishing features of netwriting, which,however,does not detract from its quality.What are the differences between the work of netwriters and that of professional writers? Netwriting is usually terser than professional writing filled with short paragraphs,bulleted lists and one-liners.Netwriters can freely lace their writings with strange acronyms and smileys, the key stroke combinations used to convey various facial expressions;the polished prose by professional writers often seems long-winded and phony when it is copied onto bulletin boards from books and magazines Para.11 (1)inherently democratizing:Here the author suggests that writing online (the technology) provides equal opportunities for everyone who wishes to write. (2)Not only has it enfranchised.much direct contact before.:it has not only encouraged thousands of potential writers who,without the introduction of the Net,might never become writers,but has also brought together people of different social backgrounds who hadn't had much communication before. (3)geek:a person,especially a man,who is boring and not fashionable Computer geeks:computer wizards (4)grassroots:ordinary people in society or an organization,especially a political party (5)working press:working-class artists self-publishing and collectively distributing offset litho books Q1:What is the main idea of the paragraph? This paragraph mentions another merit of the Internet,that is,it allows thousands of common people to take up the craft of writing. Part Three (Para.12-13) (1)After all,a lot of everyone's daily life is foolish and trivial:in spite of everything our daily life consists mostly of foolish and insignificant things. (2)I mean,really,smiley?:I mean,smileys are really foolish and trivial. (3)Housewives in Des Moines who log on as VIXEN:is the writing of housewives who live in a less-known place such as Des Moines and use VIXEN as their user name foolish and trivial? (4)It would be a mistake.of young generation:a generation of young writers who will spend their whole life time dashing off E-mail is bound to be affected by it,and it would be a mistake to underestimate this effect. (5).the Bard himself.might have dived right in and never logged off:Shakespeare himself.might have joined in netwriting at once and never logged off.The whole sentence means that we suspect that if Shakespeare had had access to the Internet,he might have stayed online all the time and never logged off
has started to be widely accepted. Q2: What are the criteria for good writing favored by the Internet? Good writing on the Internet should be clear, witty and brief. Units of thought are to be found in short paragraphs , bulleted lists and one-liners. (2) .writers compose in a kind of collaborative heat, knocking ideas against one another until they spark: .writers work in a kind of cooperation by engaging themselves in heated discussions and arguments about different ideas until they come up with really brilliant ones. Q3: What does the author discuss in the two paragraphs? In these two paragraphs, the author discusses two reasons why there are some “gems” on the Internet; one is that “the Darwinian survival principle has started to prevail”, which means that only good writing will survive; and the other is the “collaborative” work in computer conferences, at which ideas are knocked against one another “until they spark”. Para.10 (1) Unless they adjust to.more nimble networks: if they do not adjust themselves to the medium of netwriting, they can make themselves look conceited and self-important in online debates with more quick-witted and flexible networks. (2) .can come across as self-important blowhards: .can leave an impression as a conceited person who loves to show off. (3).their blue-blooded peers.: blue-blooded people are usually members of royal or noble families. Here the author refers to well-educated kids. Q1: In this paragraph, the author explains one of the distinguishing features of netwriting , which, however, does not detract from its quality. What are the differences between the work of netwriters and that of professional writers? Netwriting is usually terser than professional writing, filled with short paragraphs, bulleted lists and one-liners. Netwriters can freely lace their writings with strange acronyms and smileys, the key stroke combinations used to convey various facial expressions; the polished prose by professional writers often seems long-winded and phony when it is copied onto bulletin boards from books and magazines. Para.11 (1) inherently democratizing: Here the author suggests that writing online (the technology) provides equal opportunities for everyone who wishes to write. (2) Not only has it enfranchised.much direct contact before.: it has not only encouraged thousands of potential writers who, without the introduction of the Net, might never become writers, but has also brought together people of different social backgrounds who hadn’t had much communication before. (3) geek: a person, especially a man, who is boring and not fashionable Computer geeks: computer wizards (4) grassroots: ordinary people in society or an organization, especially a political party (5) working press: working-class artists self-publishing and collectively distributing offset litho books Q1: What is the main idea of the paragraph? This paragraph mentions another merit of the Internet, that is, it allows thousands of common people to take up the craft of writing. Part Three (Para.12-13) (1) After all, a lot of everyone’s daily life is foolish and trivial: in spite of everything, our daily life consists mostly of foolish and insignificant things. (2) I mean, really, smiley?: I mean, smileys are really foolish and trivial. (3) Housewives in Des Moines who log on as VIXEN: is the writing of housewives who live in a less-known place such as Des Moines and use VIXEN as their user name foolish and trivial? (4) It would be a mistake.of young generation: a generation of young writers who will spend their whole life time dashing off E-mail is bound to be affected by it, and it would be a mistake to underestimate this effect. (5).the Bard himself.might have dived right in and never logged off: Shakespeare himself.might have joined in netwriting at once and never logged off. The whole sentence means that we suspect that if Shakespeare had had access to the Internet, he might have stayed online all the time and never logged off
Q1:How does the author justify the legitimacy of netwriting? The author contends that netwriting may seem foolish and trivial,but most people's lives are foolish and trivial.For millions of people those networks represent a living,breathing life of letters. Q2:Who does "the Bard"refer to in the last sentence?And how does it differ from the Bards”in the title? In the last sentence "the Bard"(with capital B)refers to William Shakespeare,while "Bards"in the title refers to the people who write on the Internet.It appears that the author suggests by the title that the medium of netwriting like that of Shakespeare,is perfectly justifiable. The medium changes with the time,so does the "bard". V.Writing Strategy Description of Process Practice in describing a process,including the use of after/before+gerund,and exercise in factual,precise writing.Here is a sample description of one of the four processes:reading through choice of essay subjects-choose essay subject-find out inforamtion make notes-prepare writing materials:pen,paper,etc.-draw up essay plans on rough paper-check notes&plan; correct-write essay-read through completed essay.Check correct-hand in essay for marking. VI.Assignments: 1)Finish all the exercises of the text. 2)hand in the translation work for correcting
Q1: How does the author justify the legitimacy of netwriting? The author contends that netwriting may seem foolish and trivial, but most people’s lives are foolish and trivial. For millions of people those networks represent a living, breathing life of letters. Q2: Who does “the Bard” refer to in the last sentence? And how does it differ from the “Bards” in the title? In the last sentence “the Bard” (with capital B) refers to William Shakespeare, while “Bards” in the title refers to the people who write on the Internet. It appears that the author suggests by the title that the medium of netwriting, like that of Shakespeare, is perfectly justifiable. The medium changes with the time, so does the “bard”. V. Writing Strategy Description of Process Practice in describing a process, including the use of after/before+gerund, and exercise in factual, precise writing. Here is a sample description of one of the four processes: reading through choice of essay subjects—choose essay subject—find out inforamtion & make notes—prepare writing materials:pen, paper, etc.—draw up essay plans on rough paper—check notes & plan; correct—write essay—read through completed essay. Check & correct—hand in essay for marking. VI. Assignments: 1) Finish all the exercises of the text. 2) hand in the translation work for correcting