Unit 2 Friendship Language points 1.available adj something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found "Tickets are available from the box office. available to Not enough data is available to scientists available to do sth .Funds are available to assist teachers who want to attend the conference. available for "No figures are available for the number ofgoods sold. available in There are plenty of jobs available in the area readily/widely available (=very easy to obtain) Parking is readily available near the station entrance. "Meetings were held to update employees as soon as new information became available "Further building can continue when money is made available Every available space on the wall was covered in pictures. 回[not before noun] someone who is available is not busy and has enough time to talk to you "Collins was not available for comment on Thursday night. someone who is available does not have a wife,boyfriend etc,and therefore may want to start a new romantic relationship with someone else >availability /o.veilo'bilrti/n[U] "the availability ofaffordable housing Rooms are offered subject to availability. 2.Apologetically in a way that shows that you are sorry for doing something wrong or for causing a problem e.g.I'm sorry I'm late,'he murmured apologetically. apologetic adjective feeling or showing that you are sorry for doing something wrong or for causing a problem 1
1 Unit 2 Friendship Language points 1. available adj something that is available is able to be used or can easily be bought or found Tickets are available from the box office. available to Not enough data is available to scientists. available to do sth Funds are available to assist teachers who want to attend the conference. available for No figures are available for the number of goods sold. available in There are plenty of jobs available in the area. readily/widely available (=very easy to obtain) Parking is readily available near the station entrance. Meetings were held to update employees as soon as new information became available . Further building can continue when money is made available . Every available space on the wall was covered in pictures. [not before noun] someone who is available is not busy and has enough time to talk to you Collins was not available for comment on Thursday night. someone who is available does not have a wife, boyfriend etc, and therefore may want to start a new romantic relationship with someone else >availability /əˌveɪləˈbɪlɪti/ n [U] the availability of affordable housing Rooms are offered subject to availability. 2. Apologetically in a way that shows that you are sorry for doing something wrong or for causing a problem e.g. ‘I'm sorry I'm late,’ he murmured apologetically. apologetic adjective feeling or showing that you are sorry for doing something wrong or for causing a problem
e.g.apologetic about/for something They were very apologetic about the trouble they'd caused. An apologia (Latin for apology,from Greek:oAoyia,lit.'speaking in defense)is a formal defense of an opinion,position or action,often in the context of religion,theology and philosophy. e.g.His book was seen as an apologia for the war 他的书被认为是为战争辩护」 3.He sounded as if he had a cold or something Clauses that start with as if/as though describe an unreal or improbable situationifthey are followedby an unreal tense(the past subjunctiveor the past perfect subjunctive).Otherwise,they express that the statement is true. 以asif/as though开头的分句，如果后面跟的是非现实时态（过去进行时或过去完成 时)，则表示不真实或不可能的情况。否则，它们表示陈述是真实的。 The past subjunctive after as if/as though indicates an unreal situation in the present.However,if the situation is true,we use a real tense to express present time: as if he knew the answer. (he gives the impression that he knows the answer,but he(probably)doesn't know or we don't know whether he knows or not) 2)He looks as if he knows the answer.(he knows the answer) 3)He looked as ifhe knew the answer Consequently.the meaning of this sentence (whether he knew the answer or not)can only be deduced from the context. ubjunctiv e after as if/as though is used to refer toan unreal pastsituation.If the situntionistrue.we use a cal tensetopres past time He seems as if he hadn't slept for daus it seems that he hasn't slept for days,but he(probably)has or we don't know whether he has or not. He seems as if he hasn't slept for days.(he hasn't slept for days) If the preceding verb is put into the past tense,the present perfect hasn't slept changes into past perfect,while the past perfect subjunctive hadn't slept stays the same He seemed as if he hadn't slept for days. 2
2 e.g. apologetic about/for something They were very apologetic about the trouble they'd caused. An apologia (Latin for apology, from Greek: ἀπολογία, lit. 'speaking in defense') is a formal defense of an opinion, position or action, often in the context of religion, theology and philosophy. e.g. His book was seen as an apologia for the war. 他的书被认为是为战争辩护。 3. He sounded as if he had a cold or something Clauses that start with as if / as though describe an unreal or improbable situation if they are followed by an unreal tense (the past subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive). Otherwise, they express that the statement is true. 以 as if / as though 开头的分句，如果后面跟的是非现实时态（过去进行时或过去完成 时），则表示不真实或不可能的情况。否则，它们表示陈述是真实的。 The past subjunctive after as if / as though indicates an unreal situation in the present. However, if the situation is true, we use a real tense to express present time: e.g. 1) He looks as if he knew the answer. (he gives the impression that he knows the answer, but he (probably) doesn't know or we don't know whether he knows or not) 2) He looks as if he knows the answer. (he knows the answer) 3) He looked as if he knew the answer. Consequently, the meaning of this sentence (whether he knew the answer or not) can only be deduced from the context. The past perfect subjunctive after as if / as though is used to refer to an unreal past situation. If the situation is true, we use a real tense to express past time: He seems as if he hadn't slept for days. it seems that he hasn't slept for days, but he (probably) has or we don't know whether he has or not. He seems as if he hasn't slept for days. (he hasn't slept for days) If the preceding verb is put into the past tense, the present perfect hasn't slept changes into past perfect, while the past perfect subjunctive hadn't slept stays the same: He seemed as if he hadn't slept for days
4.Goahead I'll go ahead and tell them you're on the way. 2)to happen;to be done synonym proceed The building of the new bridge will go ahead as planned. 3)go ahead(with something) to begin to do something,especially when somebody has given permission or has expressed doubts or opposition 'May I start now?'Yes,go ahead.' The government intends to go ahead with its tax cutting plans 5.by heart 1)by heart(British English also offby heart)using only your memory e.g.Ivue w all the She's een the shou ongs by he earnt the e whole speech off by hear 2)Atheart used to say what someone is really like(某人)真正的样子 He had dozens offends,utrteperon at heart 他有几十个丽友 其实是 6.estimating to form an idea of the cost,size,value etc.of something,but without calculating it exactly e.g. estim ate the cost/value/number ofsomething The satellite will cost anestimated E400million. Police estimate the crowd at 30 o00. All variables can be estimated from the data. The number ofbreeding pairs was estimated as the number of pairs building nests. The deal ise ated to be nround $1.5 million We estimated (that)it would cost about C5000. It is estimated (that)the project will last four years. It is hard to estimate how many children have dyslexia 7.Come to think ofit used when you suddenly remember something or realize that it might be important e.g.Come to think ofit,he did mention seeing you. 3
3 4. Go ahead 1) to travel in front of other people in your group and arrive before them I'll go ahead and tell them you're on the way. 2) to happen; to be done synonym proceed The building of the new bridge will go ahead as planned. 3) go ahead (with something) to begin to do something, especially when somebody has given permission or has expressed doubts or opposition ‘May I start now?’ ‘Yes, go ahead.’ The government intends to go ahead with its tax cutting plans 5. by heart 1) by heart (British English also off by heart) using only your memory 用心 e.g. I've seen the show so often I know all the songs by heart. She's learnt the whole speech off by heart. 2) At heart used to say what someone is really like（某人）真正的样子 e.g. He had dozens of friends, but he was a private person at heart. 他有几十个朋友，但其实是一个很私密的人。 6. estimating to form an idea of the cost, size, value etc. of something, but without calculating it exactly e.g. estimate the cost/value/number of something The satellite will cost an estimated £400 million. Police estimate the crowd at 30 000. All variables can be estimated from the data. The number of breeding pairs was estimated as the number of pairs building nests. The deal is estimated to be worth around $1.5 million. We estimated (that) it would cost about €5 000. It is estimated (that) the project will last four years. It is hard to estimate how many children have dyslexia. 7. Come to think of it used when you suddenly remember something or realize that it might be important e.g. Come to think of it, he did mention seeing you
I know a faster route we can take,come to think ofit. come across somebody/something [no passive]to meet or find somebody/something by chance e.g.I came across children sleeping under bridges. She came across some old photographs in a drawer. It occurs/occurred to sb.that e.g.It suddenly occurred to me that I had forgotten to lock the door. It suddenlu occurred to me that i had met him somewhere It strikes/struck sb.that. e.g.It struck her that she ought to make a new plan. It struck me that nobody was in favor of the change 8.Might just as well 1)used to say that something should be done or accepted because it cannot be a8thiortweit地n2oieaoaotodot e.g.You might a truth. 你还不如告诉他们真相。 We may as well begin now. 我门不纺观在就开始 2)used to say that somethingelse could have been done with the same result e.g.The part was so dull th might (just as well have stayed hon My book report got such a bad grade that I might iustas wellhave ha nded nothing in. 现的读书报告成绩如此增样，以至于我还不如什么都没交 might (just)as welldosth. 用来表示“建议”，意思是“还是做某事好：倒 不如做某事”。比may (just)as well do sth.更婉转一些 ·might (just)as well have done sth.表示“对过去情况的推测”，意思是“好 像做了某事：简直做了某事”，两个意思任选其一。 (just)in case (. because ofthe possibility of something happening You'd better take the keys in case I'm out
4 I know a faster route we can take, come to think of it. come across somebody/something [no passive] to meet or find somebody/something by chance e.g. I came across children sleeping under bridges. She came across some old photographs in a drawer. It occurs/occurred to sb. that e.g. It suddenly occurred to me that I had forgotten to lock the door. It suddenly occurred to me that I had met him somewhere. It strikes/struck sb. that . e.g. It struck her that she ought to make a new plan. It struck me that nobody was in favor of the change. 8. Might just as well 1) used to say that something should be done or accepted because it cannot be avoided or because there is no good reason not to do it e.g. You might as well tell them the truth. 你还不如告诉他们真相。 We may as well begin now. 我们不妨现在就开始。 2) used to say that something else could have been done with the same result e.g. The party was so dull that I might (just) as well have stayed home. My book report got such a bad grade that I might just as well have ha nded nothing in. 我的读书报告成绩如此糟糕，以至于我还不如什么都没交。 ⚫ might (just) as well do sth. 用来表示“建议”，意思是“还是做某事好；倒 不如做某事”。比 may (just) as well do sth. 更婉转一些。 ⚫ might (just) as well have done sth. 表示“对过去情况的推测”，意思是“好 像做了某事；简直做了某事”，两个意思任选其一。 (just) in case (.) because of the possibility of something happening You'd better take the keys in case I'm out
You probably won't need to call-but take my number,just in case. In case(=ifit istrue that)you're wondering why Jo's here-let me explain. it is just as well(that.)最好：正好：幸好 it is a good thing It is just as well that we didn't leave any later or we'd have missed him. 幸好你没 like the o 9.not much of a. If you describesomething as not much of a particular type ofthing,you mean that it is small or of poor quality. It hasn't been much ofa holiday It's not much of a career,you may think 10.correspondence nU theletters that someonesends and receives,especially official or business etters A secretary came in his. the process of sending and receiving letters .The magazine is unable to enter into any correspondence on medical matters in)cor respondence with sb "He had been in correspondence with her for several years before they finally met. all correspondence betweenus must cease 回a relationshipor onnection between two or more ideas or facts correspondence between There was no correspondence between the historical facts and Johnson's account of them. 历史事实与约南通对它们的捕述之间议有对应关系。 11.Practically 1)Practically means almost,but not completely or exactly. He'd known the old man practically all his life. I know people who find it practically impossible to give up smoking. Synonyms:almost,nearly,close to,essentially 5
5 You probably won't need to call—but take my number, just in case. In case (= if it is true that) you’re wondering why Jo’s here—let me explain. it is just as well (that.) 最好；正好；幸好 it is a good thing It is just as well that we didn't leave any later or we'd have missed him. It's just as well you're not here - you wouldn't like the noise. 幸好你没在这里——你不会喜欢那种噪声。 9. not much of a. If you describe something as not much of a particular type of thing, you mean that it is small or of poor quality. It hasn't been much of a holiday. It's not much of a career, you may think. 10. correspondence n [U] the letters that someone sends and receives, especially official or business letters A secretary came in twice a week to deal with his correspondence. the process of sending and receiving letters The magazine is unable to enter into any correspondence on medical matters. (be in) correspondence with sb He had been in correspondence with her for several years before they finally met. All correspondence between us must cease. a relationship or connection between two or more ideas or facts correspondence between There was no correspondence between the historical facts and Johnson's account of them. 历史事实与约翰逊对它们的描述之间没有对应关系。 11. Practically 1) Practically means almost, but not completely or exactly. He'd known the old man practically all his life. I know people who find it practically impossible to give up smoking. Synonyms: almost, nearly, close to, essentially