青霉素的偶然性 Fleming's serendipitous discovery changed the course of medicine ·Accidental Discoveries:如果1928年的夏天不是凉快潮湿的天气，如 果某个青霉孢子没有幸运地落在弗莱明的实验培养皿上，如果没有产 生足够的青露素？如果弗莱明对这个意外事件漠然置之，青霉素能否 发现或者能否在20世纪40年代就造福人类，我们都无法假设。 ·但青霉素走向临床又有一定的必然性：社会对抗生素的迫切需求，微 生物学、病理学等基础学科的发展，多学科的配合等都加快了青霉素 的开发应用过程。 ·一个药物从实验室研究到临床应用存在很多关键因素和关键环节，缺 了哪一个都可能会导致最终的失败。意料之外而又情理之中。 ·一个偶然的发现，一个被两次发现的发现，一个及时的发现，一个 迅速商业化的发现，一个划时代的发现一一一带动一个学科的发现
What if Fleming Had not Discovered Penicillin? YELLOW ABOUT MAGIC The S of Pemicillin 物1m PENICIL国 By J.D.Ratcliff New WonderD Ranom House New York SQUIBB FOm Mold A 人口学家把这段时期称为“死亡率转变的重大拐点”。青霉素和其它抗 生素创造了“现代医学奇迹的奇迹”。医学延长人的寿命达20岁，其中抗生 素完成了其中的10岁。Estimated to have saved over200 million lives
丘吉尔和青霉素的故事 A“wondrous fable"” 一段因青霉素 医学有故事 而起的传奋 学家和治家本是人 但基，青素知能两类人结风 青意素的发明者亚历山大·声莱 胡与首相篇斯顿·丘古尔之间， 有着 事 白新 REPUBLIQUE POPULAIRE DU CON 青霉素之缘 一丘吉尔与弗莱明 Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill(1874-l965),政治家、演说家 及作家以及记者，1953年诺贝尔文学奖得主，曾于1940-1945年及1951-1955 年期间两度英国首相
青霉素故事背后的一些思考 The discovery of penicillin,one of the world's first antibiotics,marks a true turning point in human history-when doctors finally had a tool that could completely cure their patients of deadly infectious diseases. Dr.Fleming famously wrote about that red-letter date:"When I woke up just after dawn on September 28,1928,I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer.But I guess that was exactly what I did." Why didn't Fleming make penicillin into a medicine himself? Why the discovery of penicillin ladted 14 years? Antibiotics fueled one of the great revolutions in modern medicine and human health 如果细致地对待身边出现的不起眼的小事，甚至有可能做出影响历 史进程的事情。“Chance favours only the prepared mind
Impact of Penicillin 磺胺药物和青霉素开启了现代制药工业？ It has been said that it was the creation of sulfas and penicillins that created the pharmaceutical industry,one of the largest and most profitable industries in today's world. Drug companies existed before the 1930s,of course,but were much smaller and made such compounds as prescription medicines,aspirin,and antacid pills. It ushered in a series of other "wonder drugs"-they became a symbol of modem therapeutics