《天然药物化学》课程参考文献（天然药物研究与开发）Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles

Joural of Saudi Chemical Society (21)1953 King Saud University Journal of Saudi Chemical Society wwoa ORIGINAL ARTICLE Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles Safia ZoubiriAoumeur Baaliouamer )Pac C UIa a除n8 CC)..Ta4 KEYWORDS Abstract In the search for alternatives to co ventional insecticides.essential oils extracted from Plants: practical methods and recent uction and hosting by Elsevier B.V. 1.Introduction pesticides.botanical ones are a revival due to em( 2007 (Pa des has onyemooeqnrS 2007.These compounds act as fumigants (Choi et need Production and hosting by Elsevier ndly and sting by Elsevier B.V.n behalf of King Saud University.CBY-NC-ND

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles Safia Zoubiri a,b,c, *, Aoumeur Baaliouamer a a Laboratory of Functional Organic Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria b Research and Development Center, EPE ALDAR, Moubydal Group, Dar El-Beida, Algeria c Scientific and Technological Research Center on Physical and Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail site, Tipaza, Algeria Received 30 September 2011; accepted 1 November 2011 Available online 2 December 2011 KEYWORDS Plants; Essential oil; Chemical composition; Insecticidal activity Abstract In the search for alternatives to conventional insecticides, essential oils extracted from aromatic plants have been widely investigated. Their toxicities toward insects were of special inter￾est during the last decade. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the data published mostly in the past 10 years on aromatic plant and plant’s essential oils that have been reported to possess insecticidal activity and practical methods and recent techniques for screening these com￾pounds. The review refers to 230 plants, their geographical distribution and the organism tested. Some aspects of recent insecticidal activity directed research on natural products are discussed. ª 2011 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. 1. Introduction Chemical control is an effective strategy used extensively in daily life (Pavela, 2009a). However, the widespread use of syn￾thetic insecticides has led to many negative consequences (Pavela, 2008), resulting in increasing attention to natural products (Pirali-Kheirabadi and da Silva, 2010). Among bio￾pesticides, botanical ones are experiencing a revival due to their eco-toxicological properties (Cosimi et al., 2009). Plants play pivotal roles in ecological systems (Garcıa et al., 2007). They may provide potential alternatives to currently used insect-control agents because they constitute a rich source of bioactive chemicals (Qin et al., 2010). Essential oils are among the best-known substances tested against insects (Pitasawat et al., 2007). These compounds act as fumigants (Choi et al., 2006), contact insecticides (Tang et al., 2007), repellents (Islam et al., 2009) and antifeedants (Gonzalez-Coloma et al., 2006) and may affect some biological parameters such as growth rate (Nathan et al., 2008), life span and reproduction (Isikber et al., 2006). Risks and problems associated with the use of chemicals lead to increasingly stringent environmental regulation of pes￾ticides (Pavela et al., 2010). There is therefore an urgent need to develop safer, more environmentally friendly and efficient alternatives that have the potential to replace synthetic pesti- * Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Functional Organic Anal￾ysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria. Tel.: +213 551542478. E-mail address: safia7fr@yahoo.fr (S. Zoubiri). Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2014) 18, 925–938 King Saud University Journal of Saudi Chemical Society www.ksu.edu.sa www.sciencedirect.com http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.11.015 1319-6103 ª 2011 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license

List of some tested plant for their insecticidal activit s(R A.pseudoplatams (Pavela.2008 2005 et al. xico (Cho 206) (0) d Mehlhorn.2006a.b.c 008).A.indica (Kamarai et al.2010) -esti(Chuctal.201g c四 2006 ct al.2005) 2010) 200 (00 c40 eh.2008 2009 C. ile (A (Cheng et).C L208 C.nool (Choi cta

Table 1 List of some tested plant essential oils for their insecticidal activity. Botanical name Species (References) Abutilon A. indicum (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b) Acer A. campestre, A. cissifolium, A. negundo, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus (Pavela, 2008) Achillea A. millefolium (Pavela, 2008; Conti et al., 2010) Aegiphila A. lhotskiana (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Aegle A. marmelos (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b) Aframomum A. melegueta (Ukeh et al., 2009) Ageratum A. conyzoides (Bouda et al., 2001; de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Ailanthus A. altissima (Pavela, 2009a) Ajuga A. iva (Jbilou et al., 2008), A. reptans (Pavela, 2008) Alexitoxicon A. scandens (Pavela, 2009a) Allium A. cepa (Pyun and Shin, 2006; Khater et al., 2009), A. sativum (Yang et al., 2010) Alpinia A. offcinarum (Choi et al., 2006) Ammi A. visnaga (Pavela, 2008) Amygdalae A. oleum raffinatum (Choi et al., 2006) Amyris A. balsamifera (Pavela, 2009b; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c) Anacardium A. occidentalis (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Andira A. inermis (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Anethum A. graveolens (Choochote et al., 2007; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c) Angelica A. archangelica (Pavela, 2009a), A. sinensis (Choi et al., 2006) Aniba A. rosaeodora (Amer and Mehlhorn (2006a,c) Annona A. crassiflora and A. glabra (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005), A. squamosa (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Anthemis A. nobilis (Pavela, 2009b; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), A. tinctoria (Pavela, 2009a) Apium A. graveolens (Pitasawat et al., 2007) Arctium A. lappa (Pavela, 2009a) Aristolochia A. baetica (Jbilou et al., 2008) , A. indica (Kamaraj et al., 2010) Arnica A. montana (Choi et al., 2006) Artemisia A. abrotanum and A. campestris (Pavela, 2009a), A. absinthium (Squires et al., 2011), A. annua (Senthilkumar et al., 2009; Squires et al., 2011), A. herba-alba and A. monosperma (Abdel-Shafy et al., 2009), A. judaica (Abdelgaleil et al., 2008), A. taurica (Pavela, 2008), A. vestita (Chu et al., 2010) Astragalus A. chinensis (Pavela, 2009a), A. excarpus (Pavela, 2008) Azadirachta A. indica (Choi et al., 2006; Kebede et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010) Balsamita B. major (Pavela, 2009a) Baptisia B. tinctoria (Choi et al., 2006) Borago B. officinalis (Pavela, 2009a) Boswellia B. carteri (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c; Choi et al., 2006) Bryonia B. dioica (Pavela, 2009a) Bupleurum B. exaltatum (Pavela, 2008) Caesalpinia C. pyramidalis (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Calotropis C. procera (Elimam et al., 2010) Campanula C. longistyla (Pavela, 2008) Cananga C. odorata (Choi et al., 2006) Cannabis C. sativa (Pavela, 2009b) Carapa C. guianensis (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Carthamnus C. lanatus (Pavela, 2009a) Carum C. carvi (Pitasawat et al., 2007; Lopez et al., 2008), C. copticum (Sahaf and Moharramipour, 2008) Cassia C. angustifolia (Kamaraj et al., 2010), C. fistula (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Cedrela C. fissilis (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Centaurea C. orientalis (Pavela, 2008) Centaurium C. erythraea (Jbilou et al., 2008) Centella C. asiatica (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Cestrum C. nocturnum (Patil et al., 2010) Chamaemelum C. nobile (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Chromolaena C. odorata (Bouda et al., 2001) Cichorium C. intybus (Pavela, 2009a) Cinnamomum C. camphora (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), C. osmophloeum (Cheng et al., 2009a), C. zeylanicum (Prajapati et al., 2005; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Circium C. arvense (Pavela, 2008) Citrullus C. colocynthis (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008c) Citrus C. aurantium (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b), C. bergamia (Cosimi et al., 2009), C. cinesis, C. reticulate, C. vulgaris and C. X paradisi (Choi et al., 2006), C. limon (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c) Clausena C. dentata (Rajkumar and Jebanesan, 2010) Clematis C. vitalba (Pavela, 2009a) Cleome C. hirta (Ndungu et al., 1999) Commiphora C. nolnol (Choi et al., 2006) 926 S. Zoubiri, A. Baaliouamer

Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles Botanical name Species(References) iriodora Martiner-Vela ue etal.201） a et a s (P 2009 (Choi eta) 1.2010 ic (Nathan et al.2008 2009a:Lucia et al et a E hafy ct al. a and tircalli (Abdul Rahuman ct al.2008a).E.thynifolia (Abdu b.c:Conti et 2006a.b.e japati et al.. 2005)

Table 1 (continued) Botanical name Species (References) Convolvulus C. cantabrica (Pavela, 2008), C. lineatus (Pavela, 2009a) Conyza C. newii (Omolo et al., 2004) Copaifera C. langsdorffii (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Coriandrum C. sativum (Knio et al., 2008; Lopez et al., 2008; Abdelghany et al., 2009; Islam et al., 2009; Zoubiri and Baaliouamer, 2010) Corymbia C. citriodora (Dugassa et al., 2009) Cryptomeria C. japonica (Cheng et al., 2009c) Cuminum C. cyminum (Prajapati et al., 2005; Martinez-Velazquez et al., 2011) Cupressus C. sempervirens (Tapondjou et al., 2005) Curcuma C. aromatic (Madhu et al., 2010), C. longa (Prajapati et al., 2005; Choi et al., 2006), C. zedoaria (Pitasawat et al., 2007) Cymbopogan C. citrates (Oyedele et al., 2002; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Senthilkumar et al., 2009; Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009), C. nardus (Choi et al., 2006), C. winterianus (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Cyperus C. scariosus (Prajapati et al., 2005) Datura D. stramonium (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Dendropanax D. morbifera (Chung et al., 2009) Dictamnus D. albus (Pavela, 2009a) Dioscorea D. villosa (Choi et al., 2006) Diospyros D. melanoxylon (Kamaraj et al., 2010) Dolichos D. biflorus (Kamaraj et al., 2010) Dorycnium D. graeeum (Pavela, 2009a) Dracocephalum D. moldavicum (Pavela, 2009a) Dysoxylum D. beddomei and D. malabaricum (Nathan et al., 2008) Echinacea E. purpurea (Pavela, 2009a) Echinops E. sphaerocephalus (Pavela, 2009a) Erigeron E. Canadensis (Pavela, 2009b) Eucalyptus E. camaldulensis (Erler et al., 2006; Dugassa et al., 2009; Cheng et al., 2009a; Lucia et al., 2009), E. cinerea, E. dunnii, E. grandis, E. gunnii, E. sideroxylon, E. tereticornis and E. viminalis (Lucia et al., 2009), E. citriodora (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; George et al., 2008; Maciel et al., 2010), E. dives and E. radiate (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), E. globules (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Choi et al., 2006; George et al., 2008; Lucia et al., 2009; Senthilkumar et al., 2009; Maciel et al., 2010), E. radiata (George et al., 2008), E. saligna (Tapondjou et al., 2005; Lucia et al., 2009), E. staigeriana (George et al., 2008; Maciel et al., 2010), E. urophylla (Cheng et al., 2009b) Eugenia E. caryophyllata (Choi et al., 2006; Fichi et al., 2007) Euphorbia E. aegyptiaca (Abdel-Shafy et al., 2009), E. hirta and E. tirucalli (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a), E. thymifolia (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b) Ferula F. assa-foetida (Pavela, 2009a), F. galbaniflua (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), F. lancerottensis (Pavela, 2008) Flourensia F. oolepis (Garcıa et al., 2007) Foeniculum F. vulgare (Choi et al., 2006; Pitasawat et al., 2007; Cosimi et al., 2009; Conti et al., 2010) Francoeuria F. crespa (Abdel-Shafy et al., 2009) Fraxinus F. excelsior (Pavela, 2008) Fumana F. ericoides (Pavela, 2008) Galatella G. villosa (Pavela, 2008) Galium G. verticillatum (Pavela, 2009a) Gilia G. capitata (Pavela, 2009a) Glebionis G. coronarium (Pavela, 2008) Glossostemon G. bruguieri (Abdelghany et al., 2009) Glycina G. max and G. soja (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Grindelia G. camporum (Pavela, 2009a) Guazuma G. ulmifolia (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Gymnema G. sylvestre (Kamaraj et al., 2010) Gynandropsis G. gynandra (Lwande et al., 1999) Helichrysum H. italicum (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c; Conti et al., 2010) Hibiscus H. sabdariffa (Abdelghany et al., 2009) Humulus H. japonicas (Pavela, 2008) Hypericum H. perforatum (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009a) Hyptis H. spicigera and H. suaveolens (Ilboudo et al., 2010) Hysopus H. officinalis (Pavela, 2008) Illicium I. verum (Ho et al., 1995; Choi et al., 2006) Imperatoria I. ostruthium (Pavela, 2009a) Inula I. auriculata (Pavela, 2009a), I. britanica and I. helenium (Pavela, 2008), I. racemosa (Liu et al., 2006) Ipomea I. carnea (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Jacobaea J. maritime (Pavela, 2009a) Jasminum J. grandiflorum (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Jatropha J. curcas (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a), J. gossypifolia (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b) Juniperus J. communis (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c; Choi et al., 2006; Pavela (2009b), J. macropoda (Prajapati et al., 2005), J. virginiana (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c (continued on next page) Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles 927

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Table 1 (continued) Botanical name Species (References) Justicia J. gendarussa (Senthilkumar et al., 2009), J. procumbens (Kamaraj et al., 2010) Kaempferia K. galangal (Choochote et al., 2007) Laburnum L. anagyroides (Pavela, 2008) Lantana L. camara (Bouda et al., 2001; Verma and Verma, 2006) Lapasana L. intermedia (Pavela, 2009a) Launaea L. arborescens (Jbilou et al., 2008) Laurus L. nobilis (Erler et al., 2006; Isikber et al., 2006; Cosimi et al., 2009; Pavela, 2009b), L. novocanariensis (Rodilla et al., 2008) Lavandula L. angustifolia (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c; Pavela, 2009b; Conti et al., 2010; Pirali-Kheirabadi and da Silva 2010), L. hybrid (Cosimi et al., 2009), L. luisieri (Gonzalez-Coloma et al., 2006), L. officinalis (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela 2008), L. stoechas (Sertkaya et al., 2010) Leptospermum L. scoparium (George et al., 2009) Limonium L. Bonduelii (Pavela, 2008) Linaria L. genistifolia (Pavela, 2008) Lippia L. aff. Gracilis (Lima et al., 2008), L. citriodora (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c), L. javanica and L. ukambensis (Omolo et al., 2004), L. multiflora (Ilboudo et al., 2010), L. rugosa (Tatsadjieu et al., 2010), L. sidoides (Cavalcanti et al., 2010) Litsea L. cubeba (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Lobelia L. siphilitica (Pavela, 2009a) Lythrum L. salicaria (Pavela, 2009a), L. virgatum (Pavela, 2008) Maesa M. lanceolata (Tadesse et al., 2009) Matricaria M. chamomilla (Abdelghany et al., 2009; Khater et al., 2009), M. maritima (Pavela, 2008) Matthiola M. tricuspidata (Pavela, 2008) Maytenus M. rigida (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Medicago M. romanica (Pavela, 2008) Melaleuca M. alternifolia (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b), M. leucadendron and M. quinquenervia (Amer and Mehlhorn 2006a,c) Melia M. azedarach (Kebede et al., 2010) Melilotus M. albus (Pavela, 2009a) Melissa M. officinalis (Pavela, 2008; Koliopoulos et al., 2010) Mentha M. longifolia and M. suaveolens (Koliopoulos et al., 2010), M. piperita (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Erler et al., 2006; Khater et al., 2009), M. pulegium (George et al., 2009), M. spicata (Koliopoulos et al., 2010; Sertkaya et al., 2010) Micromeria M. fruticosa (C¸ almasur et al., 2006) Mimosa M. pudica (Kamaraj et al., 2010) Myristica M. fragrans (Choi et al., 2006; Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Myrtus M. communis (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c; Conti et al., 2010) Nepeta N. cataria (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Pavela, 2009b), N. racemosa (C¸ almasur et al., 2006) Nigella N. sativa (Prajapati et al., 2005) Ocimum O. americanum (Ilboudo et al., 2010), O. basilicum (Prajapati et al., 2005; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Erler et al., 2006; Kostic et al., 2008; Lopez et al., 2008; Pavela, 2008; Dugassa et al., 2009; Maurya et al., 2009; Pavela, 2009b; Martinez￾Velazquez et al., 2011), Ocimum canum (Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009), O. gratissimum (Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009; Tatsadjieu et al., 2010), O. kenyense and O.kilimandscharicum (Bekele and Hassanali, 2001), O. selloi (de Paula et al., 2003), O. suave (Dugassa et al., 2009) Olea O. europaea (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Onobrychis O. miniata (Pavela, 2009a) Onopordon O. acanthium (Pavela, 2009a) Origanum O. majorana (Abdelghany et al., 2009), O. onites (Sertkaya et al., 2010), O. vulgare (C¸ almasur et al., 2006; Pavela, 2008; Kim et al., 2010) Otanthus O. maritimus (Pavela, 2008) Pedilanthus P. tithymaloides (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a) Peganum P. harmala (Jbilou et al., 2008) Pelargonium Pelargonium (Choi et al., 2006), P. graveolens (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), P. roseum (Pavela, 2009b) Perovskia P. abrotanoides (Arabi et al., 2008) Persea P. gratissima caertim (Choi et al., 2006) Petroselinum P. crispum (Knio et al., 2008) Phyllanthus P. amarus (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008a) Physalis P. alkekengi (Pavela, 2009a) Picea P. excelsa and P. excelsa (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Pimenta P. dioica (Pavela, 2009b; Martinez-Velazquez et al., 2011) Pimpinella P. anisum (Prajapati et al., 2005; Erler et al., 2006; Knio et al., 2008; Abdelghany et al., 2009) Piper P. aduncum (Silva et al., 2009), P. capense (Matasyoh et al., 2011), P. gaudichaudianum, P. hostmanianum, P. humaytanum and P. permucronatum (de Morais et al., 2007), Piper marginatum (Autran et al., 2009), P. nigrum (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c; Choi et al., 2006), P. sarmentosum (Qin et al., 2010) Plectranthus P. marrubioides (Omolo et al., 2004), P. punctatus (Tadesse et al., 2009) Plumbago P. zeylanica (Patil et al. (2010) Pogostemin P. cablin (Choi et al., 2006) Polygala P. comosa (Pavela, 2009a) 928 S. Zoubiri, A. Baaliouamer

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Table 1 (continued) Botanical name Species (References) Potentila P. erecta (Pavela, 2009a) Prosopis P. juliflora (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Prunus P. armeniaca (Choi et al., 2006) Psoralea P. bituminosa (Pavela, 2009a) Pteridium P. aquilinum (Jbilou et al., 2008) Pyrethrum P. corymbosum (Pavela, 2009a) Raphanus R. raphanistrum (Jbilou et al., 2008) Ravensara R. aromatica (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b) Reseda R. odorata (Pavela, 2009a) Reynoutria R. bohemica and R. sachalinensis (Pavela, 2009a) Ricinus R. communis (Senthilkumar et al., 2009) Rosmarinus R. officinalis (Prajapati et al., 2005; Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c; Choi et al., 2006; Isikber et al., 2006; Khater et al., 2009; Pavela, 2009b; Conti et al., 2010) Rubia R. tinctorum (Pavela, 2009a) Salix S. alba (Choi et al., 2006) Salvia S. farinacea (Pavela, 2008; Koliopoulos et al., 2010), S. glutinosa (Pavela, 2009a), S. officinalis (Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2008), S pomifera (Koliopoulos et al., 2010), S. ringens, S verbenaca and S. viridis (Pavela, 2008), S. sclarea (Amer and Mehlhorn 2006a,c; Pavela, 2009b) Santaium S. album (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a-c; Choi et al., 2006; Pavela, 2009b) Saponaria S. officinalis (Pavela, 2009a) Saraca S. asoca (Singh and Singh, 2009) Sassafras S. albidum (Choi et al., 2006) Satureja S. hortensis (Pavela, 2008; 2009b), S. nervosa (Pavela, 2008), S. thymbra (Cetin et al., 2010) Schinus S. terebinthifolius (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Schisandra S. chinensis (Pavela, 2009a) Scrophularia S. nodosa (Pavela, 2009a) Sedum S. rosea (Pavela, 2009a) Seseli S. pallasii (Pavela, 2009a), S. tortuosum (Pavela, 2008) Sideritis S. euxina and S. montana (Pavela, 2008) Silphium S. perfoliatum (Pavela, 2009a) Simarouba S. amara (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Simmondsia S. chinensis (Choi et al., 2006) Solanum S. torvum (Abdul Rahuman et al., 2008b) Sonchus S. arvensis (Pavela, 2008) Stachys S. byzantina (Pavela, 2009a), S. cretica (Pavela, 2008) Swietenia S. macrophylla (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Symphytum S. officinale (Pavela, 2009a) Syzygium S. aromaticum (Ho et al., 1994) Tabebuia T. avellanedae (Choi et al., 2006) Tagetes T. minuta (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c), T. patula (Dharmagadda et al., 2005) Tanacetum T. parthenium (Pavela et al., 2010), T. vulgare (Larocque et al., 1999; Pavela, 2008; 2009b) Tarchonanthus T. camphoratus (Omolo et al., 2004) Tetradenia T. riparia (Omolo et al., 2004) Teucrium T. chamaedrys and T. hircanicum (Pavela, 2009a), T. leucocladum (El-Shazly and Hussein, 2004), T. capitatum, T. chamaedrys and T. polium (Pavela, 2008) Thuja T. occidentalis (Choi et al., 2006), T. orientalis (Singh and Singh, 2009) Thymbra T. spicata (Sertkaya et al., 2010) Thymus T. capitatus (Pavela, 2008), T. fragrantissimus and T. serphyllum (Pavela, 2009a), T. satureoides (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,b,c; Pavela, 2009a,b), T. vugaris (Choi et al., 2006; Knio et al., 2008; Pavela, 2008; George et al., 2009; Pavela,2009b; Pavela et al., 2009Tchoumbougnang et al., 2009) Trifolium T. arvense (Pavela, 2009a) Trigonella T. foenum-graecum (Tang et al., 2007) Tropaeolum T. majus (Pavela, 2009a) Verbascum V. pinnatifidum (Pavela, 2008) Verbena V. hirta and V. officinalis (Pavela, 2009a) Vernonia V. brasiliana (de Mendonc¸a et al., 2005) Vincetoxicum V. hirundinaria (Pavela, 2009a) Viola V. odorata (Amer and Mehlhorn, 2006a,c) Vitex V. pseudo-negundo (Sahaf and Moharramipour, 2008) Xeranthemum X. cylindraceum (Pavela, 2009a) Xylopia X. aethiopica (Nguemtchouin et al., 2010; Tatsadjieu et al., 2010) Yucca Y. schidigera (Choi et al., 2006) Zanthoxylum Z. limonella (Pitasawat et al., 2007), Z. piperitum (Choochote et al., 2007) Zingiber Z. cassumunar (Pavela, 2009b), Z. officinale (Prajapati et al., 2005; Ukeh et al., 2009; Pushpanathan et al., 2008), Z. zerumbet (Kamaraj et al., 2010) Potentiality of plants as source of insecticide principles 929