ftA borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2)It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed f4 A Denizens ?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus ①L).' Denizens’的例子都要记: Port from portus①L), cup from cuppa(L), shift from skipta (on), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier(F), pork from porc (F) HtAAy Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from hao jian(Ch) faA Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference t the form, But their meaning are borrowed, in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language, such as the word dream, which originally meant’joy’and‘ musIc’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the norse 第二章: The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximatel 3, 000(some put it5, 000)languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar (重点:语系划分的标准) What is the criteria to divide language families? The answer basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar (EE 5 )The Balto- Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容:) Prussian, Lithuanian Polish Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian. ‘Indo- European’两大分支:1. Eastern set2. Western set eastern set: Balto- Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic. In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic: Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Romance languages, namely Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the italic he Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and english. With vikings invasion many Scandinavian words came into the english language It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern Ger
什么叫 borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. 什么叫 Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 什么叫 Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫 Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse. 第二章：The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . (重点：语系划分的标准)What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar( 重 点 )The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容：)Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. ‘Indo-European’ 两大分支：1.Eastern set 2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic. In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic ： Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic. The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German
AHA: Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England 古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于( scripts)古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了( early scripts) Sound and form真正达到统一是在什么时期?. Sound and form reached their concord in( Modern English period)如果从词汇变化的角度而言, Modern English又 可以细划分为 early period, modern period *现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容) Early modern English appeared in the renaissance Modern English period有什么样的外来语的进入? The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period现代英语时期,英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是 (colonization) The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization ) The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language(重要选择或填空内容) Growth of present- day english Three main sources of new words 1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes; 3)The influence of other 2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2) Semantic change(还包括外来词的 Semantic loans) Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowIng, transfer外来词可以被称作 borrowed words,因此又可以被称 作.重点句: borrowed words are also known as loaned words.恢复古英语的用词是美 国英语的一大特色 Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially trueof American English. 英语从 synthetic1 anguage发展到 present analytical language是在英语的哪一个阶 段完成的?答案: Modern English period 文艺复兴时期,恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案: Early Modern English period 在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象? French, Latin, English in Middle English period easel,port, freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段,属于哪一种外来词的引入?答案: Middle english, Dutch 在英语发展的某一个阶段,有一种语言进入英语,它一共带来了2500个词汇,这种语言是 什么?答案: Dutch(前年考题) 据现代语言学家的统计,英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案:50,000to60,000他 们的来源是( Anglo_ Saxon tongue)第二次世界大战以后,大量外来词进入英语中,如:Mao
重点句: Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England 古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于 (scripts )古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了 ( early scripts)Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period )如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern English 又 可以细划分为 early period ,modern period. *现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期 （重要的选择或填空内容）Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period 现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是 (colonization)The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from(Colonization )The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容)Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words :1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and language 2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的 Semantic loans ）Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer 外来词可以被称作 borrowed words , 因此又可以被称 作 .重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢复古英语的用词是美 国英语的一大特色 Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially trueof American English. 英语从 synthetic language 发展到 present analytical language 是在英语的哪一个阶 段完成的？答案：Modern English period 文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案：Early Modern English period 在英语发展过程 在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French, Latin, English in Middle English period easel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案： Middle English , Dutch 在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了 2500 个词汇，这种语言是 什么？答案：Dutch (前年考题) 据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案：50,000 to 60,000 他 们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue )第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao