英语词汇学精华版 、选择1-15;二、填空16-20*2;三、四、21-40选择连线;五、41-45名词解 释*2;六、简答46-48*4;七、分析综合49-50*9 针对复习: 、四、选择连线 孝*** I, types of morphemes Free morphemes; bound morphemes; inflectional morphemes 2, types of bound morphemes: PrefIx; Suffix 3, types of idioms: Idioms Nominal in nature; Idioms Adjectival in nature; Idioms Verbal in nature: Idioms adverbal in nature. sentence id ioms 4. types of word meaning: Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning; conceptual meaning and associative meaning (connotative meaning stylistic -affective collocative - 5. idioms stylistic features: colloquialisms, slang; literary expressions 6 idioms rhetorical features manipulation (alliteration\rhyme ) lexical manipulation (reiteration repetition juxtaposition); figures (simile\metonymy lsynecdovheleuphem\personification) 7, types of word formation: affixation; compounding; conversion; blend ing; clipping acronym; back-formation; word from proper names 8 changes in wording: extension; narrowing; elevation; degradation; transfer 9. types of motivation: morphological motivated semantic - etymological - onomatopoeIc 10、语系划分的标准 Estern set: Balto-Slavic( Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish Czech, Bulgarian Slovenian and Russian. ) Indo-Iranian( Persian, Hindi), Armenian and Albanian Western set: Celtic(Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton), Italic(Portuguese Spanish, R Hellenic(Greek) Germanic(Norwegian Iceland ic, Danish and Swedish, English, German)
英语词汇学精华版 一、选择 1-15；二、填空 16-20*2；三、四、21-40 选择连线；五、41-45 名词解 释*2；六、简答 46-48*4；七、分析综合 49-50*9 针对复习： 一、选择： 二、填空： 三、四、选择连线***** 1、types of morphemes: Free morphemes; bound morphemes; inflectional morphemes. 2、types of bound morphemes：Prefix; Suffix. 3、types of idioms: Idioms Nominal in nature; Idioms Adjectival in nature; Idioms Verbal in nature; Idioms Adverbal in nature; sentence idioms. 4、types of word meaning: Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning; conceptual meaning and associative meaning (connotative meaning\stylistic ~\affective ~\collocative ~) 5、idioms stylistic features: colloquialisms; slang; literary expressions. 6、idioms rhetorical features: phonetic manipulation (alliteration\rhyme); lexical manipulation (reiteration\repetition\juxtaposition);figures of speech (simile\metaphor\metonymy\synecdovhe\euphemism\personification) 7、types of word formation: affixation; compounding; conversion; blending; clipping; acronym; back-formation; word from proper names. 8、changes in wording: extension; narrowing; elevation; degradation; transfer. 9、types of motivation: morphological motivated; semantic ~; etymological ~; onomatopoeic ~ 10、语系划分的标准 Estern set : Balto-Slavic(Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.), Indo-Iranian（Persian, Hindi）, Armenian and Albanian ；Western set : Celtic(Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton), Italic(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian) , Hellenic(Greek), Germanic(Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, English, German)
五、41-45名词解释*2: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms Semantics: the study of word meaning Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Stylistics the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer Lexicography: the compiling of dictionaries Synchronic study the study of a word or words at one particular point in time Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word(or words) changes over a period of time word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and nd syntactic fu vocabulary: Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual pe erson Terminology xie consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in med icine Jargon A]w refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in usiness slang t belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words includ ing informal ones available to everyone and In-group words Argot tf generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it
五、41-45 名词解释*2； Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms. Semantics：the study of word meaning. Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time. Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Terminology 术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话 refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. slang 俚语 belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words Argot 黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it
Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use Neologisms tita are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings denizens Af ia are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language Alen非同化词 are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spellin Translation-loans. fH ii Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language Semantic-loans fE Xi Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary Creation: the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a word Bound morpheme a form(morpheme )which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme Bound morphemes include hound roots and affixes Affixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to mod ify meani function Prefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by add ing prefixes(suffixes) to stem Inflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to ind icate grammatical relationships Derivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new word
Archaisms 古词语 are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Neologisms 新词语 are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. denizens 同化词 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien 非同化词 are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Translation-loans. 借译词 Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. Semantic-loans 借义词 Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary. Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a word Bound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Bound morphemes include hound roots and affixes Affixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function Prefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stem Inflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships Derivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new words
Root: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which aff ixes of any kind can be added Bound root a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morphem Affixation: Derivation(also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems, suffixation is the formation of new words by add ing suffixes to tems joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compoun ords by Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new Conversion: Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift= conversion Zero-derivation. Adjective to noun (1) full conversion(2) partial conversion Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy包含两类:1) initialisms(不发音)g.BBC,VOA,TB2) acronyms(形成新的发音)g.CORE,TEFL Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won manteau Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word o the opposite Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered Words from proper names of place, people trade, book, etc Concept, is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the object world in the human mind Sense: denotes the relationships inside the language Reference is the relationship between language and the world
Root: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds. Conversion：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFL Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau. Clipping is a way of making new words which involves the shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word. Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc. Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world
外来词分为四类:1 Denizens, cup from cuppa, port form portus2) Aliens garage decor 3) Translation-loans e.g. long time no see 4)Semantic- loans. e.g. dream. Motivation a3e: onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical& lexical conceptual& associative (connotative, stylistic, affective, collocative, 多义关系及两种研究方法 polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time. Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its deve lopment in the course of ti 同形同音异义关系 Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes perfect homonyms (same name): homographs (same spelling) and homophones (some sound). Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/(n)a large heavy animal; bear /bea/(v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw //(v) to scatter seeds; sow/sau/(n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e. g. dear /dia/(n)a loved person: deer /dia/(n)a kind of animal. 同形同音异义词与多义词的区别 Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck(See 6. Polysemy). On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries
外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation –loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream. Motivation 分 类： onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,) 多义关系及两种研究方法 polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time. Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time. 同形同音异义关系 Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal. 同形同音异义词与多义词的区别 Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries