a Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language a If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammaticalor nonsensical at all
◼ Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. ◼ If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all
The boy kicked the ball 米 Boy the ball kicked the 将 The ball kicked the boy The teacher saw the students The students saw the teacher
◼ The boy kicked the ball ◼ *Boy the ball kicked the ◼ *The ball kicked the boy ◼ The teacher saw the students ◼ The students saw the teacher
Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations(横组合关系) observed by e de saussure. They are also called Horizontal relations or simply chain Relations
◼ Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations（横组合关系） observed by F. de Saussure. ◼ They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations
I Word order is one of the basic ways to classify languages in the world: SVO. VSO. SOV.OVS OSV and vos English belongs to SvO type, though this does not mean that svo is the only possible word order
◼ Word order is one of the basic ways to classify languages in the world: ◼ SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. ◼ English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order
Relation of Substitutability The RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure ■The smiles man boy gI
Relation of Substitutability ◼ The RELATION OF SUBSTITUTABILITY refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure. ◼ The ______ smiles. man boy girl