Unit five Section A The Battle Against AIDS I. Background Information 1. AIDS AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a disease which destroys the natural method the body uses to protect against other diseases. It is a disease caused by the hiv Human Immunodeficiency Virus), but AIDS is different from HIV in that the former usually causes death while HIV may lead to AIDS. HIV is spread in three ways (1)contact with infected blood; (2) sex;(3)mother to child. AIDS usually develops in four stages: In the first stage, there is only infection by HIV and antibody(vf) production; (2)In the second stage the lymph nodes(淋巴结) enlarge肿大),(3) In the third stage, an infected person may begin to have such signs(E W)as tiredness, fever and night sweats;(4)In the last stage, AIDS is diagnosed when a person develops certain uncommon, life-threatening illness, for example, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(卡氏肺囊虫肺炎).In- depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can found http:/dailvnewsyahoocomm/c/healtalds---hIm(note:therearethreeunderscores()in the link 2. Latino(pl. Latinos) Latino(pl. Latinos )is the name given to Hispanic American citizens in the United States who share the Spanish language in common but may be from different races or religions and different Spanish speaking countries. Latinos are the fastest growing group in the U.s. and expected to more than double in size by 2020. For a comprehensive list of Latino resources on theInternetyoucancheckoutthewebpageathttplanic.utexas.edua/regin/hispanic 3. HIV HIV is the human immunodeficiency Virus. This is the virus that spreads through contact with infected blood, infected sexual partners or within the womb of an infected pregnant mother After infecting a person, HIV can remain hidden in the body for long and different periods of time until it becomes active and develops into AlDs for which no known cure exists. The virus spreads very fast once contact has been made with an infected source. In-depth coverage on AldsandHivcanbefoundfromhttp:dailvnews.vahoo.com/chealth/alds---Hiv(note: there three underscores( )in the linl 4. the federal government The federal government in the United States is a national republic whose members are elected to hold office for a limited period of time by citizens over 18 years of age. This republic has an elected president who is head of the nation as well as head of the federal or national government ForintroductiontotheU.s.governmentpleasevisithttp:/bensguide.gpogov 5. a state a state government is the political structure that includes an area of land, citizens, and an elected governing body with the right to control and change all powers within the state that are not given by constitution to the federal government Fifty state governments exist in the United States
1 Unit Five Section A The Battle Against AIDS I. Background Information 1. AIDS AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is a disease which destroys the natural method the body uses to protect against other diseases. It is a disease caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), but AIDS is different from HIV in that the former usually causes death while HIV may lead to AIDS. HIV is spread in three ways:(1) contact with infected blood; (2) sex; (3)mother to child. AIDS usually develops in four stages: In the first stage, there is only infection by HIV and antibody (抗体) production; (2) In the second stage, the lymph nodes (淋巴结) enlarge(肿大); (3) In the third stage, an infected person may begin to have such signs(症状) as tiredness, fever and night sweats; (4) In the last stage, AIDS is diagnosed when a person develops certain uncommon, life-threatening illness, for example, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(卡氏肺囊虫肺炎). In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS---HIV(Note: there are three underscores(____) in the link). 2.Latino (pl .Latinos) Latino(pl. Latinos ) is the name given to Hispanic American citizens in the United States who share the Spanish language in common but may be from different races or religions and different Spanish speaking countries. Latinos are the fastest growing group in the U.S. and expected to more than double in size by 2020. For a comprehensive list of Latino resources on the Internet, you can check out the web page at http://lanic,utexas.edu/la/regin/hispanic/. 3. HIV HIV is the human immunodeficiency Virus. This is the virus that spreads through contact with infected blood, infected sexual partners or within the womb of an infected pregnant mother. After infecting a person, HIV can remain hidden in the body for long and different periods of time until it becomes active and develops into AIDS for which no known cure exists. The virus spreads very fast once contact has been made with an infected source. In-depth coverage on AIDS and HIV can be found from http://dailynews.yahoo.com/fc/Health/AIDS---HIV (Note; there three underscores (__) in the link). 4. the federal government The federal government in the United States is a national republic whose members are elected to hold office for a limited period of time by citizens over 18 years of age. This republic has an elected president who is head of the nation as well as head of the federal or national government. For introduction to the U.S. government, please visit http://bensguide.gpo.gov. 5. a state government A state government is the political structure that includes an area of land, citizens, and an elected governing body with the right to control and change all powers within the state that are not given by constitution to the federal government. Fifty state governments exist in the United States
6. a beauty shop a beauty shop is a business place where woman go"to have their hair done, i.e. washed urled, coloured, etc, or their fingernails or skin treated. The shop sells the "thought"of beauty a client should feel/look more beautiful after a visit to the beauty shop. Women who use such shops often have weekly appointments II. Text analysis 1. Organization of the text Part I ( Para. 1-2)AIDS threatens so many lives in the U.S.A and has become a very serious problem of American society Part II(Para. 3-6) In contrast to the governments inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AIDS creatively Part Ill(Para7-13) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to Part IV(Paral4) Fighting against AIDS entails everyones involvement and forces each of us to 2. Text structure analysis and devices for developing it: Part I(Para1-2) Phenomenon description(现象法) A serious disease named as aldS was diagnosed in the U.S. a in the late 1870s and since Details: Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204, 000 Americans- half in the past few years alone. Another 185.000 of the one million infected with the hiv virus are also expected to die. ( Para. 1) Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. Women and youth in rural Southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS. (Para. 2) Patl(para3-6) Deduction(演绎法) In contrast to the government's inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AlDS creatively To reach more people in the community, some AIDS educational programs(of the network )operate out of a beauty shop. (Para. 4) Specific statements 1). The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AlDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while 2)Recently, the network began helping hair stylists throughout the Southeast set up milar programs in their shops. ( Para. 6) Part Il.(Para7-13) Listing(列举法)& Problem- solution- evaluation(问题解决法) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to other similar groups Listing(列举法) 1) Speak to your community in a way they can hear. ( Para. 8)
2 6. a beauty shop A beauty shop is a business place where woman go “ to have their hair done”, i.e. washed, curled, coloured, etc., or their fingernails or skin treated. The shop sells the “thought” of beauty. A client should feel/look more beautiful after a visit to the beauty shop. Women who use such shops often have weekly appointments. II. Text analysis: 1. Organization of the text: Part I (Para.1-2) AIDS threatens so many lives in the U.S.A and has become a very serious problem of American society. Part II (Para.3-6) In contrast to the government’s inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AIDS creatively. Part III (Para7-13) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to other similar groups. Part IV (Para14) Fighting against AIDS entails everyone’s involvement and forces each of us to be an educator and learn to live. 2. Text structure analysis and devices for developing it: Part I (Para.1-2) Phenomenon description (现象法) A serious disease named as AIDS was diagnosed in the U.S.A in the late 1870s; and since then it has been a big threat to the America society. Details: Since then, AIDS has killed more than 204,000 Americans — half in the past few years alone. Another 185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV virus are also expected to die.(Para. 1) Nearly half of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos. Women and youth in rural Southern communities now constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS. (Para. 2) Part II (para.3-6) Deduction (演绎法） In contrast to the government’s inactivity, some local organizations have made efforts to fight against AIDS creatively General statement: To reach more people in the community, some AIDS educational programs (of the network) operate out of a beauty shop.(Para. 4) Specific statements: 1). The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments.(Para.5) 2) Recently, the network began helping hair stylists throughout the Southeast set up similar programs in their shops.(Para. 6) Part III . (Para.7-13) Listing(列举法)＆Problem-solution-evaluation (问题解决法) The organization has generalized some practical methods which are useful to other similar groups. Listing:(列举法) 1) Speak to your community in a way they can hear.(Para.8)
2)Train teenagers to educate their peers. ( Para. 10) 3)Redefine"at risk "to include women from different backgrounds and marriage Problem- solution- evaluation(问题解决法 Method 1 Speak to your community in a way they can hear The problem Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it The solution To solve this problem, ask people in the community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDS education publications. (Para. 8) These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of"sad faces"and "happy faces"to illustrate ways people can prevent AlDS. They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces nd language they can understand. (Para. 9) The evaluation As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications, which cost thousands of dollars more to produce.(Para. 9) Method 2 Train teenagers to educate their peers. The problem AIDS is spreading fastest among teenagers in the rural South. ( Para. 10) The solution The stylists have established an"AIDS Busters"program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to go into the community and teach "AlDS 101" to their pe The evaluation They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can. They also play a vital role in helping parents understand the types of peer pressure their children experience.( Para The whole Part Ill. Ppblem-solution-evaluation(问题解决法) The problem No one way of winning the war against AIDS exists. Para 7) The solution: Speak to your community in a way they can hear.(Para. 8) 2. Train teenagers to educate their peers. ( Para. 10) 3. Redefine"at risk,to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status The evaluation: These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis but until there is a cure for
3 2) Train teenagers to educate their peers. (Para. 10) 3) Redefine “at risk” to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status. (Para. 11) Problem-solution-evaluation(问题解决法) Method 1: Speak to your community in a way they can hear. The problem: Many communities have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature and expecting people to read it. The solution: To solve this problem, ask people in the community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDS education publications.(Para.8) These books use simple, hand-drawn pictures of “sad faces” and “happy faces” to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS. They also show people who look like those we need to educate, since people can relate more when they see familiar faces and language they can understand. (Para.9) The evaluation: As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications, which cost thousands of dollars more to produce. (Para. 9) Method 2: Train teenagers to educate their peers. The problem: AIDS is spreading fastest among teenagers in the rural South. (Para.10) The solution: The stylists have established an “AIDS Busters” program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to go into the community and teach “AIDS 101” to their peers. The evaluation: They make it simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends their own age much better than an adult can. They also play a vital role in helping parents understand the types of peer pressure their children experience. (Para. 10) The whole Part III: Problem-solution-evaluation (问题解决法） The problem: No one way of winning the war against AIDS exists.(Para.7) The solution: 1. Speak to your community in a way they can hear. (Para.8) 2. Train teenagers to educate their peers. (Para. 10) 3. Redefine “at risk” to include women from different backgrounds and marriage status. (Para. 11) The evaluation: These lessons are not the only solutions to the crisis but until there is a cure for
AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus Part Iv(Para4) Induction(归纳法) Fighting against AIDS entails everyone's involvement and forces each of us to be an educator and learn to live III. Language points 1. to be diagnosed as(with)AIDS(L.1)诊断出是(患)艾滋病 The little boy was not well today, he was diagnosed with a bad cold.这小男孩今天不舒服他 被诊断出是重感冒 2. to be infected with(L3)感染了病 You will be infected with SARS if you fail to guard against some risk factors.如果你忽视了 一些危险因素,你会感染“非典”。 3. to constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS(L6)成为数量增长最快的患 艾滋病的人群 The online courses have constituted a real challenge to the regular courses.远程课程对常规 课程已构成真正的挑战 4. to be slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS(L.8)在实施防治艾滋病蔓 延的计划方面行动迟缓 The American education is observably slow in the pupils mathematics training 美国教育在培养学生数学方面明显滞后。 5. In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged. (L. 9) 政府行动不力,而许多地方性组织却应运而生了。 句型提炼: In place of sth/sb,sth(else/sb(else)do/does.与某物或某人相比,另一物或另一人却 应用:a与其他人多彩的人生相比,他在失望,甚至沮丧中走过了他47年的人生旅途。 In place of others' colorful lives, he lived his 47 years' life in disappointment and even 应用:b.与前任领导的肤浅相比,现任的领导在处理问题时能够切中要害。 In place of the former leader's shallowness, the present leader happened to be one of those who can get to the essence of things 6 to combat the growing number of AIDs cases(L.12)防止爱滋病病例数量的增加 We must com bat our bad habits of eating and drinking.我们要与不良的饮食习惯作斗争 7. to suffer from a lack of money(L13)缺乏资金 Her schoolwork suffered from all her social activities 她的学业因她的大量社交活动而受到影响 8 to keep sth. around(L21)把…放在周围 It is advisable for you to keep some specific medicines around so as to meet your urgent needs 你最好备一些特效药物以便应急 9. to speak to your community in a way they can hear(L.31)以社区居民能接受的方式与他们 交谈 He carefully explained his plan in a way that made sense to his listeners 他以听众能够理解的方式仔细地陈述他的计划 10. to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS(L.36)说明防止感染艾滋病的方法
4 AIDS, education represents the only safe measure to guard against the virus. (Para.13) Part IV (Para.14) Induction(归纳法) Fighting against AIDS entails everyone’s involvement and forces each of us to be an educator and learn to live. III. Language points: 1. to be diagnosed as (with) AIDS (L.1) 诊断出是(患)艾滋病 The little boy was not well today, he was diagnosed with a bad cold. 这小男孩今天不舒服,他 被诊断出是重感冒。 2. to be infected with (L.3) 感染了……疾病 You will be infected with SARS if you fail to guard against some risk factors. 如果你忽视了 一些危险因素，你会感染“非典”。 3．to constitute the fastest growing segment of people with AIDS (L.6) 成为数量增长最快的患 艾滋病的人群 The online courses have constituted a real challenge to the regular courses. 远程课程对常规 课程已构成真正的挑战。 4. to be slow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS (L.8) 在实施防治艾滋病蔓 延的计划方面行动迟缓 The American education is observably slow in the pupils’ mathematics training. 美国教育在培养学生数学方面明显滞后。 5．In place of government inactivity, a number of local organizations have emerged. (L. 9) 政府行动不力， 而许多地方性组织却应运而生了。 句型提炼： In place of sth./sb, sth(else)/sb (else ) do/does … 与某物或某人相比, 另一物或另一人却… 应用： a.与其他人多彩的人生相比, 他在失望,甚至沮丧中走过了他47年的人生旅途。 In place of others’ colorful lives, he lived his 47 years’ life in disappointment and even frustration. 应用：b. 与前任领导的肤浅相比，现任的领导在处理问题时能够切中要害。 In place of the former leader’s shallowness, the present leader happened to be one of those who can get to the essence of things. 6. to combat the growing number of AIDS cases (L.12) 防止爱滋病病例数量的增加 We must combat our bad habits of eating and drinking. 我们要与不良的饮食习惯作斗争。 7. to suffer from a lack of money (L.13) 缺乏资金 Her schoolwork suffered from all her social activities. 她的学业因她的大量社交活动而受到影响。 8. to keep sth. around (L.21) 把……放在周围 It is advisable for you to keep some specific medicines around so as to meet your urgent needs. 你最好备一些特效药物,以便应急。 9. to speak to your community in a way they can hear (L.31) 以社区居民能接受的方式与他们 交谈 He carefully explained his plan in a way that made sense to his listeners. 他以听众能够理解的方式仔细地陈述他的计划。 10. to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS (L.36) 说明防止感染艾滋病的方法
The report can be used to illustrate how valuable the data is 报导足以证明这数据有多大的价值 As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications. (L 句型提炼 这样一来,这些书在使用它们的社区里比政府出版的书籍所产生的影响要大。 Sth./Sb.has/does/ Is more..than..某物或某人比其他物或人更 应用:a与他的妻子相比,他更多地沉湎于往事的回忆中 He dwelt more on the memories of their past life than his wife 应用b.她比她的姐姐们更实阿 She was more realistic than her sisters 2. to establish an“ AIDS Busters” program(L42)设立一个称为“艾滋病克星”的项目 His paper has established him as one of the most important figures in modern mathematics 他的文章奠定了他是现代数学领域最重要的人物之一的地位 13. to represent the only safe measure(L.55)代表唯一的安全措施 Their actions represent a violation of the agreement 他们的行为意味着违反协定 14. to be distracted from( doing)sth.(L58)使(做)某事受到干扰 He did not allow anything to distract him from his research 他不允许任何事情干扰他的研究。 15. This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for in order for us to win. (L. 59) 这是一场不宣而战的战争,我们每个人都必须参加,我们只有这样才能取得胜利 句型提炼 Sb /Sth.isa(n)that/who/ which/prep.+ which(从句)某人或某物是 应用a.幸福的家庭是一个每位成员给与的多而索取得少的家庭。 The happy family is one in which each member gives more to others than take from others 应用b.最杰出的领导者是那些能够把无序变为有序 The greatest leaders are the ones who can make order from the confusion VI Reading skills: Reading for Major details Introduction For this unit as you find in your students book, we focus on the major details of paragraphs From the students' book we learn that when we are reading a paragraph, we should first try to identify and then try to separate the major detail from the small or less important details Here are some ways to help you locate the major detail 1. Learn to read for the main idea. If you identify the main idea easily, the facts to support that idea will stand out 2. Know that all facts and details are not equal in importance. Look only for the facts that relate to the main idea Here are some examples The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments. It's amazing
5 The report can be used to illustrate how valuable the data is. 报导足以证明这数据有多大的价值。 11．As a result, such books actually have more effect in the communities where they are used than government publications. (L. 38) 句型提炼 这样一来，这些书在使用它们的社区里比政府出版的书籍所产生的影响要大。 Sth. /Sb. has / does ／is more… than… 某物或某人比其他物或人更…… 应用: a.与他的妻子相比，他更多地沉湎于往事的回忆中。 He dwelt more on the memories of their past life than his wife. 应用:b. 她比她的姐姐们更实际。 She was more realistic than her sisters. 12．to establish an “AIDS Busters” program (L.42) 设立一个称为“艾滋病克星”的项目 His paper has established him as one of the most important figures in modern mathematics. 他的文章奠定了他是现代数学领域最重要的人物之一的地位。 13．to represent the only safe measure (L.55) 代表唯一的安全措施 Their actions represent a violation of the agreement. 他们的行为意味着违反协定。 14. to be distracted from (doing) sth. (L.58) 使（做）某事受到干扰 He did not allow anything to distract him from his research . 他不允许任何事情干扰他的研究。 15．This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign up for in order for us to win.(L. 59) 这是一场不宣而战的战争, 我们每个人都必须参加，我们只有这样才能取得胜利。 句型提炼 Sb./Sth. is a(n)… that / who / which / prep. + which…(从句) 某人或某物是…… 应用a. 幸福的家庭是一个每位成员给与的多而索取得少的家庭。 The happy family is one in which each member gives more to others than take from others. 应用b. 最杰出的领导者是那些能够把无序变为有序。 The greatest leaders are the ones who can make order from the confusion . VI. Reading Skills: Reading for Major Details Introduction For this unit as you find in your students' book, we focus on the major details of paragraphs. From the students' book we learn that when we are reading a paragraph, we should first try to identify and then try to separate the major detail from the small or less important details. Here are some ways to help you locate the major detail. 1. Learn to read for the main idea. If you identify the main idea easily, the facts to support that idea will stand out. 2. Know that all facts and details are not equal in importance. Look only for the facts that relate to the main idea. Here are some examples: Example 1 The owner hands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter the shop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for their hair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around so customers can read them while waiting for their appointments. It's amazing