爱我祖国,爱我清华! In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the imme nsely wealthy and the poor. the1880s即 the eighties of the nineteenth century(19世纪80年代),1and此处意为 country,不能理解为“土地”: between the immensely weal thy and the poor照字面翻译为 在巨大的财富和贫穷之间”。如果照英语原文结构翻译,势必造成译文的不顺。为了清楚地表 达英语原文的意义,同时也符合汉语习惯表达法,可以考虑省略介词 between,同时增添“两 极”二字 参考译文:在19世纪80年代,美国是一个巨富与赤贫两极严重分化的国家。 省略技巧的常用情况 1.代词的省略 英语中各类代词的使用十分频繁,要是在译成汉语时,如不省略读起来就会很别扭。 (1)He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders 他将双手放进衣袋,然后耸了耸肩。 (2)After getting up, I wash my face, brush my teeth, and comb my hair. 起床后,我洗脸,刷牙,然后梳头。 (3)They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. 他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴,顿受感染。 2.冠词的省略 汉语中没有冠词,英语中的定冠词a,an如果不具有量词one的含义,便可以省略,不定冠词 the如果不具备指示代词this,that, these, those的含义,也应当省略 1) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物资,不论是固体、液体或气体,都由原子组成 2) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas 任何物资,不论是固体、液体或气体,都由原子组成 3)The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow 力的方向可以用箭头表示 3.介词连词的省略 英语词句之间的连接依靠介词和连词来完成,而汉语讲究不言而喻,故将英语译成汉语时,可 尽量省略介词和连词。 (1)The difference between the two machines consists in power. 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。 (2)If I had known it, I would not have joined in it 早知如此,我就不参加了 (3) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract 同性电荷相斥,异性电荷相吸 4.动词的省略 英语凡是句子就少不了动词,而汉语不要动词句子也能成立。 (1)When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes lo 气压低,沸点就低。 (2)Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do 如同液体和气体一样,固体也能膨胀和收缩 (3)For this reason television signals have a short range 因此,电视信号的传播距离很短 5.非人称代词“It”的省略 如果it在句中表示时间、距离、天气或作形式主语宾语,在译汉语时应省略 (1)Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆 (2)This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds. 这一公式使得测定声音的波长十分简单 (3)It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use 11
爱我祖国，爱我清华！ 11 In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the imme nsely wealthy and the poor. the 1880s 即 the eighties of the nineteenth century（19 世纪 80 年代），land 此处意为 country，不能理解为“土地”；between the immensely wealthy and the poor 照字面翻译为 “在巨大的财富和贫穷之间”。如果照英语原文结构翻译，势必造成译文的不顺。为了清楚地表 达英语原文的意义，同时也符合汉语习惯表达法，可以考虑省略介词 between，同时增添“两 极”二字。 参考译文：在 19 世纪 80 年代，美国是一个巨富与赤贫两极严重分化的国家。 省略技巧的常用情况 1．代词的省略 英语中各类代词的使用十分频繁，要是在译成汉语时，如不省略读起来就会很别扭。 (1) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。 (2) After getting up，I wash my face，brush my teeth，and comb my hair. 起床后，我洗脸，刷牙，然后梳头。 (3) They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. 他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，顿受感染。 2. 冠词的省略 汉语中没有冠词，英语中的定冠词 a, an 如果不具有量词 one 的含义，便可以省略，不定冠词 the 如果不具备指示代词 this, that, these, those 的含义，也应当省略。 1) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物资，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。 2) Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物资，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。 3) The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow. 力的方向可以用箭头表示。 3. 介词连词的省略 英语词句之间的连接依靠介词和连词来完成，而汉语讲究不言而喻，故将英语译成汉语时，可 尽量省略介词和连词。 (1) The difference between the two machines consists in power. 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。 (2) If I had known it, I would not have joined in it. 早知如此，我就不参加了。 (3) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 4. 动词的省略 英语凡是句子就少不了动词，而汉语不要动词句子也能成立。 (1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 (2) Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. 如同液体和气体一样，固体也能膨胀和收缩。 (3) For this reason television signals have a short range. 因此，电视信号的传播距离很短。 5. 非人称代词“It”的省略 如果 it 在句中表示时间、距离、天气或作形式主语宾语，在译汉语时应省略。 (1) Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 (2) This formula makes it easy to determine the wavelength of sounds. 这一公式使得测定声音的波长十分简单。 (3) It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the blast furnace came into use
爱我祖国,爱我清华! 直到十九世纪中叶 才开始使用。 练习:代词的省略 I We have 7 days in a week 2 You can never tell 3 They say it 4 Is it a he or a she? 5 As it is, we got there at 10 6 In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves 7 I threw the ball to Tom and he threw it to Mary 8 How strongly an airplane is built depends on its type and purpose 1.一个星期有七天。2.谁也没法预料!3.据说是这样。4.生的是男孩还是女孩?5.事 实上,我们10点钟就到了那里。6.在古罗马,有贵族、骑士、平民、奴隶…。7.我把球传给 汤姆,汤姆又把球传给玛丽。8.制造飞机应坚固到什么程度,是由飞机的类型和用途来决定 的。 第六讲转换变通自然流畅 VⅠ.转换变通自然流畅 考题实例:0 dd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausib1 consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true (1998) 宇宙彭涨说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推 理。众多天体物理学家七、八年来一直确信这一学说是正确的。 (词类转换被动and) 考题实例: Astrophysicists working with ground- based detectors at the south pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. (1998) 天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器,正越来越近地观测这些云系,也许不久会报告 他们的观测结果 (结构转换,and,短语) 在翻译过程中,由于两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异,我们有时必须改变原文某些词语的 词类或句子成分才能有效地传达出原文的准确意思。譬如这样一例 This watch never varies more than a second in a month.这块表一个月的误差从不超过 秒 英语中的vary(改变,不同)为动词,汉语没有这样的表达习惯,所以只能将其转换为名词 英译汉试题中有这样一道题 int is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 此题的结构并不复杂,表语从句的主谓结构为: the complaint is inevitable.不过,由于 complaint的修饰成分过长,我们不宜将 the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it译作“一代人对紧接它下来的下一代人的经常的抱怨”,而 是要对名词 complaint,代词 the one和进行词类转换,分别译作动词“抱怨”和名词“一代 同时省略代词it,増添连接成分“这一点”,进行这样的词类转换、增减和调整之后,译文就出 来了 参考译文:我的看法(观点)是,一代人对下一代人常常抱怨,这一点是在所难免的 再看下面这道试英译汉试题: Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ti 参考译文:社会就是以人际关系为基础的人们之间的资源交换
爱我祖国，爱我清华！ 12 直到十九世纪中叶，高炉才开始使用。 练习：代词的省略 1 We have 7 days in a week. 2 You can never tell! 3 They say it‘s so. 4 Is it a he or a she? 5 As it is, we got there at 10. 6 In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves… 7 I threw the ball to Tom and he threw it to Mary. 8 How strongly an airplane is built depends on its type and purpose. 1. 一个星期有七天。 2. 谁也没法预料！ 3.据说是这样。 4. 生的是男孩还是女孩？ 5. 事 实上，我们 10 点钟就到了那里。 6.在古罗马，有贵族、骑士、平民、奴隶…。7.我把球传给 汤姆，汤姆又把球传给玛丽。 8. 制造飞机应坚固到什么程度，是由飞机的类型和用途来决定 的。 第六讲 转换变通 自然流畅 VI. 转换变通 自然流畅 考题实例：Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. （1998） 宇宙彭涨说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推 理。众多天体物理学家七、八年来一直确信这一学说是正确的。 （词类转换 被动 and） 考题实例：Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.（1998） 天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告 他们的观测结果。 ( 结构转换，and, 短语) 在翻译过程中，由于两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异，我们有时必须改变原文某些词语的 词类或句子成分才能有效地传达出原文的准确意思。譬如这样一例： This watch never varies more than a second in a month.这块表一个月的误差从不超过一 秒。 英语中的 vary（改变，不同）为动词，汉语没有这样的表达习惯，所以只能将其转换为名词 “误差”。 英译汉试题中有这样一道题: My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 此题的结构并不复杂，表语从句的主谓结构为：the complaint is inevitable. 不过，由于 complaint 的修饰成分过长，我们不宜将 the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it 译作“一代人对紧接它下来的下一代人的经常的抱怨”，而 是要对名词 complaint，代词 the one 和进行词类转换，分别译作动词“抱怨”和名词“一代人”， 同时省略代词 it，增添连接成分“这一点”，进行这样的词类转换、增减和调整之后，译文就出 来了。 参考译文：我的看法（观点）是，一代人对下一代人常常抱怨，这一点是在所难免的。 再看下面这道试英译汉试题： Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. 参考译文：社会就是 以人际关系为基础的 人们之间的资源交换