《决胜四级阅读》（英文版） 阅读三

决胜四级-阅读(3) It is hard to get any agreement on the accurate meaning of the term social class". In everyday life people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consid er higher or lower than themselves in the social scale the criteria we use to“ place” a new acquaintance(熟人), however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part In Greece, after the sixth century B. C, there was a growing conflict between the peasants and the landed aristocrats(tl, and a gradual decrease in the power of the aristocracy when a kind of middle class"of traders and skilled yorkers grew up. The population of Athens for example, was divided into three main classses which were politically and legally distinct. about one third of the total were slaves, who did not count politically at all, a fact often forgotten by those who praise Athens as the nursery of democracy. The next main group consisted of resident foreigners, the metics", who were freemen, though they two were allowed no share in political life. The third group was the powerful body of "citizens", who were themselves divided into sub classes In the later Middle Ages, however, the development of monetary economy nd th growth of cities and trade led to the rise of another class, the burghers"or city merchants and mayors. These were the predecessors of the modern middle classes. Gradually high office and occupation assumed importance in determining social position, as it became more and more possible for a person born to one station in life to move to another. This change affected the towns more than the country areas, where remnants of feudalism lasted much longer. With the break up of the feudal economy the increasing division of labour, and the growing power of the town burghers (Ae), the commercial and professional middle class became more and more important in Europe, and the older

决胜四级--阅读（3） 1 It is hard to get any agreement on the accurate meaning of the term “social class”. In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consid er higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to “place” a new acquaintance(熟人), however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part. In Greece, after the sixth century B.C., there was a growing conflict between the peasants and the landed aristocrats(贵族), and a gradual decrease in the power of the aristocracy when a kind of “middle class” of traders and skilled workers grew up. The population of Athens, for example, was divided into three main classses which were politically and legally distinct. About one third of the total were slaves, who did not count politically at all, a fact often forgotten by those who praise Athens as the nursery of democracy. The next main group consisted of resident foreigners, the “metics”, who were freemen, though they two were allowed no share in political life. The third group was the powerful body of “citizens”, who were themselves divided into sub classes. In the later Middle Ages, however, the development of monetary economy and the growth of cities and trade led to the rise of another class, the “burghers” or city merchants and mayors. These were the predecessors of the modern middle classes. Gradually high office and occupation assumed importance in determining social position, as it became more and more possible for a person born to one station in life to move to another. This change affected the towns more than the country areas, where remnants of feudalism lasted much longer. With the break up of the feudal economy, the increasing division of labour, and the growing power of the town burghers( 公民), the commercial and professional middle class became more and more important in Europe, and the older

privileged class, the landed aristocracy began to lose some of its power. 1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that A to define the term social class does not involve much difficulty B. there is much alternation in people's social classes C to evaluate a persons social class is a very complex procedure D. we can tell which social class a person belongs to by the way he behaves 2. In Line 5 Paragraph 1," criteria" most probably means A standards of judgement B. ways C. criticism d. characteristic 3. The decline of the greek aristocracy's power in the sixth century B C. was the result of A. the conflicts between the peasants and the landed aristocrats B. the foreign residents C. slaves D. the newly emerging middle class in the sixth century 4. Which of the following statements is NoT TRUE, according to the passage? A slaves in Greece in the sixth century B C. were not politically significant B. The "burghers"of the later Middle ages constituted an entirely new social class C. To some extent social mobility can be attributed to the growth of trade D. The new class made up of traders and executive officials of the later

privileged class, the landed aristocracy, began to lose some of its power. 1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ____. A. to define the term social class does not involve much difficulty B. there is much alternation in people’s social classes C. to evaluate a person’s social class is a very complex procedure D. we can tell which social class a person belongs to by the way he behaves 2. In Line 5 Paragraph 1, “criteria” most probably means ____. A. standards of judgement B. ways C. criticism D. characteristic 3. The decline of the Greek aristocracy’s power in the sixth century B.C. was the result of ____. A. the conflicts between the peasants and the landed aristocrats B. the foreign residents C. slaves D. the newly emerging middle class in the sixth century 4. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE, according to the passage? A. Slaves in Greece in the sixth century B.C. were not politically significant. B. The “burghers” of the later Middle Ages constituted an entirely new social class. C. To some extent, social mobility can be attributed to the growth of trade. D. The new class made up of traders and executive officials of the later

Middle Ages made the development of a money economy possible. 5. The best title of the passage might be A. The Criteria for Classifying Social Groups B. Social classes C Changes in Social System D. The Evolution of Human Society It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative Upbringing"is normally used to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home this is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished by the term education. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent. The ideals and practices of child rearing vary from culture to culture In general, the more rural the community the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed societies, the period of childhood and adolescence(青春期) tends to be extended over a long time, resulting in more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents' capabilities and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child Wide differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children

Middle Ages made the development of a money economy possible. 5. The best title of the passage might be ____. A. The Criteria for Classifying Social Groups B. Social Classes C. Changes in Social System D. The Evolution of Human Society 2 It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative. “Upbringing” is normally used to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home. This is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished by the term “education”. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent. The ideals and practices of child rearing vary from culture to culture. In general, the more rural the community, the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed societies, the period of childhood and adolescence(青春期) tends to be extended over a long time, resulting in more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development. Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents’ capabilities and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child. Wide differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children

of the same family. Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular setting of each family is unique and there can be no rigid ( R a')general rules. they use general information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disappointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child's continuing development may be warped a child must be allowed to enjoy this "messy "but tactile stage of discovery before he is ready to go on to the less physical pleasures of toys and books Similarly, throughout life, each stage depends on the satisfactory completion of the one before 6. It's a general belief that a childs later character and personality is decided by his early experiences both at home and in school A chiefly B by chance C. entirely D. seldom 7. The word "cumulative" in Line 3 most probably means A decisive B extremely beneficial C strong D. progressively greater 8. It can be seen from the passage that A. the cultural pattern is the single factor that affects a child's upbringing the home B. by no means does the technological development of a community contribute to the development of children s character C. there are advisable rules for parents to go by in bringing up their ch Ildren D. upbringing and education are mutually complementary

of the same family. Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular setting of each family is unique, and there can be no rigid(严格的) general rules. They use general information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems. All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child, the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disappointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child’s continuing development may be warped. A child must be allowed to enjoy this “messy” but tactile stage of discovery before he is ready to go on to the less physical pleasures of toys and books. Similarly, throughout life, each stage depends on the satisfactory completion of the one before. 6. It’s a general belief that a child’s later character and personality is ____ decided by his early experiences both at home and in school. A. chiefly B. by chance C. entirely D. seldom 7. The word “cumulative” in Line 3 most probably means ____. A. decisive B. extremely beneficial C. strong D. progressively greater 8. It can be seen from the passage that ____. A. the cultural pattern is the single factor that affects a child’s upbringing in the home B. by no means does the technological development of a community contribute to the development of children’s character C. there are advisable rules for parents to go by in bringing up their ch Ildren D. upbringing and education are mutually complementary

9. A child's development might well be adversely affected if A. he were subjected to unusually strict discipline B. his mot her often gave in to his demands C. his energies were freely given an outlet D he were brought up in a hap environment 10.As it is presented in the passage, rather than a smooth progression the development of the human character and personality is a series of A acts B stages C functions D. completions It's often hard for those of us who have achieved the status of honoured parent to appreciate quite how spoilt the children of the 1980s are when it comes to TV and films. Anything less than total visual perfection and watch out for trouble as you shuffle out through the doorway marked"EXIT But we must be firm occasionally, so next time your child observes that, personally he would have expected a decaying body to have had a somewhat greener colour, seize him by the ear and remind him that when you were young, people used to run out of the cInema crying with terror as a cloth covered rubber gorilla sat on top of a cardboard skyscraper and snatched balsawood aeroplanes out of the sky If any one man may be held responsible for this state of affairs then it must be Tony Dyson, creator of R2D2 in the film The Empire Strikes Back If it were not for him, then film special effects would still be back in the far off innocent days of jerky paper dinosaurs. Brian Johnson, who was in charge of the special effects of The Empire Strikes Back ordered not just one but eight editions of the robot which was soon to win the hearts of audiences the world

9. A child’s development might well be adversely affected if ____. A. he were subjected to unusually strict discipline B. his mot her often gave in to his demands C. his energies were freely given an outlet D. he were brought up in a happy environment 10.As it is presented in the passage, rather than a smooth progression the development of the human character and personality is a series of ____. A. acts B. stages C. functions D. completions 3 It’s often hard for those of us who have achieved the status of honoured parent to appreciate quite how spoilt the children of the 1980s are when it comes to TV and films. Anything less than total visual perfection and watch out for trouble as you shuffle out through the doorway marked “EXIT”. But we must be firm occasionally, so next time your child observes that, personally, he would have expected a decaying body to have had a somewhat greener colour, seize him by the ear and remind him that when you were young, people used to run out of the cinema crying with terror as a cloth covered rubber gorilla sat on top of a cardboard skyscraper and snatched balsawood aeroplanes out of the sky. If any one man may be held responsible for this state of affairs then it must be Tony Dyson, creator of R2D2 in the film The Empire Strikes Back . If it were not for him, then film special effects would still be back in the far off innocent days of jerky paper dinosaurs. Brian Johnson, who was in charge of the special effects of The Empire Strikes Back , ordered not just one, but eight editions of the robot which was soon to win the hearts of audiences the world