until after the Red Army of the Soviet Union entered northeastern China.The enemy and puppet troops never handed over their arms until our troops fought them.Only where the broom reaches can political influence produce its full effect.Our broom is the Communist Party,the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army.Broom in hand,you must learn to sweep;don't lie in bed, fancying that a gust of wind will somehow rise and blow all the dust away.We Marxists are revolutionary realists and never indulge in idle dreams.There is an old saying in China,"Rise at dawn and sweep the courtyard."[24]Dawn is the breaking of a new day.Our forefathers told us to rise and start sweeping at the very break of day.They were setting us a task.Only by thinking and acting in this way will we benefit and find work to do.China has a vast territory,and it is up to us to sweep it clean inch by inch. On what basis should our policy rest?It should rest on our own strength,and that means regeneration through one's own efforts.We are not alone;all the countries and people in the world opposed to imperialism are our friends.Nevertheless,we stress regeneration through our own efforts.Relying on the forces we ourselves organize,we can defeat all Chinese and foreign reactionaries.Chiang Kai-shek,on the contrary,relies entirely on the aid of U.S.imperialism, which he looks upon as his mainstay.The trinity of dictatorship,civil war and selling out the country has always been the basis of his policy.U.S.imperialism wants to help Chiang Kai-shek wage civil war and turn China into a U.S.dependency,and this policy,too,was set long ago.But U.S.imperialism while outwardly strong is inwardly weak.We must be clear-headed,that is,we must not believe the "nice words"of the imperialists nor be intimidated by their bluster.An American once said to me,"You should listen to Hurley and send a few men to be officials in the Kuomintang government."[25]I replied:"It is no easy job to be an official bound hand and foot;we won't do it.If we become officials,our hands and feet must be unfettered,we must be free to act, that is,a coalition government must be set up on a democratic basis."He said,"It will be bad if you don't."I asked him,"Why bad?"He said,"First,the Americans will curse you;secondly,the Americans will back Chiang Kai-shek."I replied:"If you Americans,sated with bread and sleep, want to curse people and back Chiang Kai-shek,that's your business and I won't interfere.What we have now is millet plus rifles,what you have is bread plus cannon.If you like to back Chiang Kai- shek,back him,back him as long as you want.But remember one thing.To whom does China belong?China definitely does not belong to Chiang Kai-shek,China belongs to the Chinese people. The day will surely come when you will find it impossible to back him any longer."Comrades!This American was trying to scare people.Imperialists are masters at this sort of stuff,and many people in the colonial countries do get scared.The imperialists think that all people in the colonial countries can be scared,but they do not realize that in China there are people who are not afraid of that sort of stuff.In the past we have openly criticized and exposed the U.S.policy of aiding Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Communists;it was necessary,and we shall continue to do so. The Soviet Union has sent its troops,the Red Army has come to help the Chinese people drive out the aggressor;such an event has never happened before in Chinese history.Its influence is immeasurable.The propaganda organs of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek hoped to sweep away the Red Army's political influence with two atom bombs.[26]But it can't be swept away;that isn't so easy.Can atom bombs decide wars?No,they can't.Atom bombs could not make Japan surrender.Without the struggles waged by the people,atom bombs by themselves would be of no avail.If atom bombs could decide the war,then why was it necessary to ask the Soviet Union to
until after the Red Army of the Soviet Union entered northeastern China. The enemy and puppet troops never handed over their arms until our troops fought them. Only where the broom reaches can political influence produce its full effect. Our broom is the Communist Party, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army. Broom in hand, you must learn to sweep; don't lie in bed, fancying that a gust of wind will somehow rise and blow all the dust away. We Marxists are revolutionary realists and never indulge in idle dreams. There is an old saying in China, "Rise at dawn and sweep the courtyard." [24] Dawn is the breaking of a new day. Our forefathers told us to rise and start sweeping at the very break of day. They were setting us a task. Only by thinking and acting in this way will we benefit and find work to do. China has a vast territory, and it is up to us to sweep it clean inch by inch. On what basis should our policy rest? It should rest on our own strength, and that means regeneration through one's own efforts. We are not alone; all the countries and people in the world opposed to imperialism are our friends. Nevertheless, we stress regeneration through our own efforts. Relying on the forces we ourselves organize, we can defeat all Chinese and foreign reactionaries. Chiang Kai-shek, on the contrary, relies entirely on the aid of U.S. imperialism, which he looks upon as his mainstay. The trinity of dictatorship, civil war and selling out the country has always been the basis of his policy. U.S. imperialism wants to help Chiang Kai-shek wage civil war and turn China into a U.S. dependency, and this policy, too, was set long ago. But U.S. imperialism while outwardly strong is inwardly weak. We must be clear-headed, that is, we must not believe the "nice words" of the imperialists nor be intimidated by their bluster. An American once said to me, "You should listen to Hurley and send a few men to be officials in the Kuomintang government."[25] I replied: "It is no easy job to be an official bound hand and foot; we won't do it. If we become officials, our hands and feet must be unfettered, we must be free to act, that is, a coalition government must be set up on a democratic basis." He said, "It will be bad if you don't." I asked him, "Why bad?" He said, "First, the Americans will curse you; secondly, the Americans will back Chiang Kai-shek." I replied: "If you Americans, sated with bread and sleep, want to curse people and back Chiang Kai-shek, that's your business and I won't interfere. What we have now is millet plus rifles, what you have is bread plus cannon. If you like to back Chiang Kaishek, back him, back him as long as you want. But remember one thing. To whom does China belong? China definitely does not belong to Chiang Kai-shek, China belongs to the Chinese people. The day will surely come when you will find it impossible to back him any longer." Comrades! This American was trying to scare people. Imperialists are masters at this sort of stuff, and many people in the colonial countries do get scared. The imperialists think that all people in the colonial countries can be scared, but they do not realize that in China there are people who are not afraid of that sort of stuff. In the past we have openly criticized and exposed the U.S. policy of aiding Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Communists; it was necessary, and we shall continue to do so. The Soviet Union has sent its troops, the Red Army has come to help the Chinese people drive out the aggressor; such an event has never happened before in Chinese history. Its influence is immeasurable. The propaganda organs of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek hoped to sweep away the Red Army's political influence with two atom bombs.[26] But it can't be swept away; that isn't so easy. Can atom bombs decide wars? No, they can't. Atom bombs could not make Japan surrender. Without the struggles waged by the people, atom bombs by themselves would be of no avail. If atom bombs could decide the war, then why was it necessary to ask the Soviet Union to
send its troops?Why didn't Japan surrender when the two atom bombs were dropped on her and why did she surrender as soon as the Soviet Union sent troops?Some of our comrades,too,believe that the atom bomb is all-powerful:that is a big mistake.These comrades show even less judgement than a British peer.There is a certain British peer called Lord Mountbatten.He said the worst possible mistake is to think that the atom bomb can decide the war.271 These comrades are more backward than Mountbatten.What influence has made these comrades look upon the atom bomb as something miraculous?Bourgeois influence.Where does it come from?From their education in bourgeois schools,from the bourgeois press and news agencies.There are two world outlooks and two methodologies,the proletarian world outlook and methodology and the bourgeois world outlook and methodology.These comrades often cling to the bourgeois world outlook and methodology and often forget the proletarian world outlook and methodology.The theory that "weapons decide everything",the purely military viewpoint,a bureaucratic style of work divorced from the masses,individualist thinking,and the like-all these are bourgeois influences in our ranks.We must constantly sweep these bourgeois things out of our ranks just as we sweep out dust. The entry of the Soviet Union into the war has decided Japan's surrender and the situation in China is entering a new period.Between the War of Resistance and the new period there is a transitional stage.The struggle during this transitional stage is to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's usurpation of the fruits of victory in the War of Resistance.Chiang Kai-shek wants to launch a country-wide civil war and his policy is set;we must be prepared for this.No matter when this country-wide civil war breaks out,we must be well prepared.If it comes early,say,tomorrow morning,we should also be prepared.That is point one.In the present international and domestic situation it is possible that for a time the civil war may be kept restricted in scale and localized.That is point two.Point one is what we should prepare for,point two is what has existed for a long time.In short,we must be prepared.Being prepared,we shall be able to deal properly with all kinds of complicated situations. NOTES 1.On August 8,1945,the Soviet government declared war on Japan.On August 10 the Mongolian government declared war on Japan.The Soviet Red Army moved by land and sea into China's Northeast and into Korea and swiftly routed the Japanese Kwantung Army.The joint Soviet- Mongolian armies crossed the Inner Mongolian desert and entered Jehol and Chahar Provinces.On August 10 the Japanese government was compelled to send a note begging to surrender and on the 14th it formally announced its unconditional surrender.The Kwantung Army was the cream of the main force of the Japanese army and constituted Japan's general strategic reserve.The Japanese imperialists had dreamed of relying on this force to carry on a long-drawn-out war from their favourable strategic position in China's Northeast and in Korea.This scheme was completely wrecked by the entry of the Soviet Union into the war,and the Japanese government had to admit defeat and surrender 2.For details,see "A Comment on the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Kuomintang's Central Executive Committee and the Second Session of the Third People's Political Council",Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,Vol.IIl. 3."Mountain"here refers to Mount Omei in Szechuan Province and more generally to the
send its troops? Why didn't Japan surrender when the two atom bombs were dropped on her and why did she surrender as soon as the Soviet Union sent troops? Some of our comrades, too, believe that the atom bomb is all-powerful; that is a big mistake. These comrades show even less judgement than a British peer. There is a certain British peer called Lord Mountbatten. He said the worst possible mistake is to think that the atom bomb can decide the war.[27] These comrades are more backward than Mountbatten. What influence has made these comrades look upon the atom bomb as something miraculous? Bourgeois influence. Where does it come from? From their education in bourgeois schools, from the bourgeois press and news agencies. There are two world outlooks and two methodologies, the proletarian world outlook and methodology and the bourgeois world outlook and methodology. These comrades often cling to the bourgeois world outlook and methodology and often forget the proletarian world outlook and methodology. The theory that "weapons decide everything", the purely military viewpoint, a bureaucratic style of work divorced from the masses, individualist thinking, and the like - all these are bourgeois influences in our ranks. We must constantly sweep these bourgeois things out of our ranks just as we sweep out dust. The entry of the Soviet Union into the war has decided Japan's surrender and the situation in China is entering a new period. Between the War of Resistance and the new period there is a transitional stage. The struggle during this transitional stage is to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's usurpation of the fruits of victory in the War of Resistance. Chiang Kai-shek wants to launch a country-wide civil war and his policy is set; we must be prepared for this. No matter when this country-wide civil war breaks out, we must be well prepared. If it comes early, say, tomorrow morning, we should also be prepared. That is point one. In the present international and domestic situation it is possible that for a time the civil war may be kept restricted in scale and localized. That is point two. Point one is what we should prepare for, point two is what has existed for a long time. In short, we must be prepared. Being prepared, we shall be able to deal properly with all kinds of complicated situations. NOTES 1. On August 8, 1945, the Soviet government declared war on Japan. On August 10 the Mongolian government declared war on Japan. The Soviet Red Army moved by land and sea into China's Northeast and into Korea and swiftly routed the Japanese Kwantung Army. The joint SovietMongolian armies crossed the Inner Mongolian desert and entered Jehol and Chahar Provinces. On August 10 the Japanese government was compelled to send a note begging to surrender and on the 14th it formally announced its unconditional surrender. The Kwantung Army was the cream of the main force of the Japanese army and constituted Japan's general strategic reserve. The Japanese imperialists had dreamed of relying on this force to carry on a long-drawn-out war from their favourable strategic position in China's Northeast and in Korea. This scheme was completely wrecked by the entry of the Soviet Union into the war, and the Japanese government had to admit defeat and surrender. 2. For details, see "A Comment on the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Kuomintang's Central Executive Committee and the Second Session of the Third People's Political Council", Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,Vol. III. 3. "Mountain" here refers to Mount Omei in Szechuan Province and more generally to the
mountainous areas in southwestern and northwestern China.After Wuhan was occupied by the Japanese army in 1938,Chiang Kai-shek and the main force under his command took refuge in these mountainous areas and sat there watching the bitter struggle against the Japanese aggressors which was being waged behind the enemy lines by the army and people of the Liberated Areas. 4.Prior to the War of Resistance Against Japan,most of the revolutionary base areas led by the Communist Party of China were in mountainous regions.At that time Chiang Kai-shek's rule was centred in the large cities along the big rivers and the coast.Accordingly,Comrade Mao Tse-tung said "we were on the mountain and he was by the water". 5.During the War of Resistance the front lines were in northern,eastern,central and southern China. People usually referred to the Kuomintang areas in southwestern and northwestern China which were not occupied by the Japanese invaders as the Great Rear Area. 6.The Northern Expedition was the punitive war against the Northern warlords launched by the revolutionary army which marched north from Kwangtung Province in May-July 1926.The Northern Expeditionary Army,with the Communist Party of China taking part in its leadership and under the Party's influence(the political work in the army was at that time mostly under the charge of Communist Party members),gained the warm support of the broad masses of workers and peasants.In the second half of 1926 and the first half of 1927 it occupied most of the provinces along the Yangtse and Yellow Rivers and defeated the Northern warlords.In April 1927 this revolutionary war failed as a result of betrayal by the reactionary clique under Chiang Kai-shek within the army 7.In 1924,with the help of the Communist Party of China,Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang and effected co-operation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.The Revolutionary War of 1924-27 was launched on the basis of this cooperation.This first co- operation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was wrecked as a result of betrayals by Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei in 1927. 8.This refers to Chiang Kai-shek's betrayal of the revolution in 1927.After betraying the revolution. Chiang Kai-shek massacred great numbers of Communists workers,peasants and revolutionary intellectuals and unleashed a counter-revolutionary war against the revolutionary masses. 9.This Congress was held in Yenan in April 1945.It was there that Comrade Mao Tse-tung delivered the political report"On Coalition Government"(see Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung.Vol. Ⅲ). 10.The first revolution was the anti-imperialist,anti-feudal revolutionary struggle waged from 1924 to 1927 by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China;the Northern Expedition was the main content of this revolution.The second revolution was the revolutionary struggle from 1927 to 1937 to create and develop Red political power.The third revolution was the War of Resistance Against Japan from 1937 to 1945. 11.Chen Tu-hsiu was originally a professor at Peking University and became famous as an editor of
mountainous areas in southwestern and northwestern China. After Wuhan was occupied by the Japanese army in 1938, Chiang Kai-shek and the main force under his command took refuge in these mountainous areas and sat there watching the bitter struggle against the Japanese aggressors which was being waged behind the enemy lines by the army and people of the Liberated Areas. 4. Prior to the War of Resistance Against Japan, most of the revolutionary base areas led by the Communist Party of China were in mountainous regions. At that time Chiang Kai-shek's rule was centred in the large cities along the big rivers and the coast. Accordingly, Comrade Mao Tse-tung said "we were on the mountain and he was by the water". 5. During the War of Resistance the front lines were in northern, eastern, central and southern China. People usually referred to the Kuomintang areas in southwestern and northwestern China which were not occupied by the Japanese invaders as the Great Rear Area. 6. The Northern Expedition was the punitive war against the Northern warlords launched by the revolutionary army which marched north from Kwangtung Province in May-July 1926. The Northern Expeditionary Army, with the Communist Party of China taking part in its leadership and under the Party's influence (the political work in the army was at that time mostly under the charge of Communist Party members), gained the warm support of the broad masses of workers and peasants. In the second half of 1926 and the first half of 1927 it occupied most of the provinces along the Yangtse and Yellow Rivers and defeated the Northern warlords. In April 1927 this revolutionary war failed as a result of betrayal by the reactionary clique under Chiang Kai-shek within the army. 7. In 1924, with the help of the Communist Party of China, Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang and effected co-operation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The Revolutionary War of 1924-27 was launched on the basis of this cooperation. This first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party was wrecked as a result of betrayals by Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Ching-wei in 1927. 8. This refers to Chiang Kai-shek's betrayal of the revolution in 1927. After betraying the revolution, Chiang Kai-shek massacred great numbers of Communists workers, peasants and revolutionary intellectuals and unleashed a counter-revolutionary war against the revolutionary masses. 9. This Congress was held in Yenan in April 1945. It was there that Comrade Mao Tse-tung delivered the political report "On Coalition Government" (see Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,Vol. III). 10. The first revolution was the anti-imperialist, anti-feudal revolutionary struggle waged from 1924 to 1927 by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the Northern Expedition was the main content of this revolution. The second revolution was the revolutionary struggle from 1927 to 1937 to create and develop Red political power. The third revolution was the War of Resistance Against Japan from 1937 to 1945. 11. Chen Tu-hsiu was originally a professor at Peking University and became famous as an editor of
New Youth.He was one of the founders of the Communist Party of China.Owing to his reputation at the time of the May 4th Movement and owing to the Party's immaturity in its initial period,he became General Secretary of the Party.In the last period of the revolution of 1924-27,the Rightist thinking in the Party represented by Chen Tu-hsiu developed into a line of capitulationism.In"The Present Situation and Our Tasks",Comrade Mao Tse-tung said that the capitulationists at that time "voluntarily gave up the Party's leadership of the peasant masses,urban petty bourgeoisie and middle bourgeoisie,and in particular gave up the Party's leadership of the armed forces,thus causing the defeat of the revolution"(p.171 of this volume).After the defeat in 1927 Chen Tu-hsiu and a handful of other capitulationists lost faith in the future of the revolution and became liquidationists.They took the reactionary Trotskyist stand and together with the Trotskyites formed a small anti-Party group.Consequently Chen Tu-hsiu was expelled from the Party in November 1929.He died in 1942.With reference to Chen Tu-hsiu's Right opportunism,see the introductory notes to "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society"and to "Report on the Investigation into the Peasant Movement in Hunan",Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung.Vol.I,and "Introducing The Communist",Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung.Vol.II. 12.On July 21,1945,the Provisional 59th Division and 2nd Cavalry Division under Hu Tsung-nan, Commander of the Kuomintang's Ist War Zone,suddenly attacked Yehtai Mountain in Chunhua County in the Kuanchung sub-region of the Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region.On July 23 Hu Tsung-nan sent his 3rd Reserve Division to join in the attack.On July 27 our forces withdrew on their own initiative from Yehtai Mountain and forty-one villages west of it.The Kuomintang forces continued their attacks on Hsunyi,Yaohsien and other points.On August 8 our forces struck back at the invading Kuomintang troops and recovered the Yehtai mountain area. 13.This slogan was raised by the "Left"opportunists during the period from October 1933 to October 1934 when the Red Army of the Central Base Area was repulsing the Kuomintang's fifth encirclement campaign.The slogan was diametrically opposed to the strategy formulated by Comrade Mao Tse-tung,which was to lure the enemy deep into our territory,concentrate a superior force and select the enemy's weak points in order to wipe him out in mobile warfare. 14.In January 1941,as demanded by Chiang Kai-shek,the Headquarters of the New Fourth Army led by the Communist Party of China and the units under the direct command of this headquarters moved north from southern Anhwei Province to cross the Yangtse River.While on the march they were encircled and ambushed by Chiang Kai-shek's troops and lost more than 9,000,killed, wounded and captured.Chiang Kai-shek announced the cancellation of the designation of the New Fourth Army and ordered attacks against its other units.The event was called the Southern Anhwei Incident. 15.During the War of Resistance the Kuomintang kept a staff officer in Yenan for liaison."Ho" refers to Ho Ying-chin,Chief of the Kuomintang General Staff.On October 19 and December 8,1940,Chiang Kai-shek sent two telegrams in the names of Ho Ying-chin and Pai Chung-hsi, Deputy Chief of the Kuomintang General Staff,outrageously slandering the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army,which were fighting stubbornly behind the Japanese lines,and arbitrarily ordering the people's anti-Japanese armed forces operating south of the Yellow River to withdraw north of the river within a definite time-limit.The Kuomintang reactionaries then
New Youth.He was one of the founders of the Communist Party of China. Owing to his reputation at the time of the May 4th Movement and owing to the Party's immaturity in its initial period, he became General Secretary of the Party. In the last period of the revolution of 1924-27, the Rightist thinking in the Party represented by Chen Tu-hsiu developed into a line of capitulationism. In "The Present Situation and Our Tasks", Comrade Mao Tse-tung said that the capitulationists at that time "voluntarily gave up the Party's leadership of the peasant masses, urban petty bourgeoisie and middle bourgeoisie, and in particular gave up the Party's leadership of the armed forces, thus causing the defeat of the revolution" (p. 171 of this volume). After the defeat in 1927 Chen Tu-hsiu and a handful of other capitulationists lost faith in the future of the revolution and became liquidationists. They took the reactionary Trotskyist stand and together with the Trotskyites formed a small anti-Party group. Consequently Chen Tu-hsiu was expelled from the Party in November 1929. He died in 1942. With reference to Chen Tu-hsiu's Right opportunism, see the introductory notes to "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society" and to "Report on the Investigation into the Peasant Movement in Hunan", Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,Vol. I, and "Introducing The Communist", Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,Vol. II. 12. On July 21, 1945, the Provisional 59th Division and 2nd Cavalry Division under Hu Tsung-nan, Commander of the Kuomintang's 1st War Zone, suddenly attacked Yehtai Mountain in Chunhua County in the Kuanchung sub-region of the Shensi-Kansu-Ningsia Border Region. On July 23 Hu Tsung-nan sent his 3rd Reserve Division to join in the attack. On July 27 our forces withdrew on their own initiative from Yehtai Mountain and forty-one villages west of it. The Kuomintang forces continued their attacks on Hsunyi, Yaohsien and other points. On August 8 our forces struck back at the invading Kuomintang troops and recovered the Yehtai mountain area. 13. This slogan was raised by the "Left" opportunists during the period from October 1933 to October 1934 when the Red Army of the Central Base Area was repulsing the Kuomintang's fifth encirclement campaign. The slogan was diametrically opposed to the strategy formulated by Comrade Mao Tse-tung, which was to lure the enemy deep into our territory, concentrate a superior force and select the enemy's weak points in order to wipe him out in mobile warfare. 14. In January 1941, as demanded by Chiang Kai-shek, the Headquarters of the New Fourth Army led by the Communist Party of China and the units under the direct command of this headquarters moved north from southern Anhwei Province to cross the Yangtse River. While on the march they were encircled and ambushed by Chiang Kai-shek's troops and lost more than 9,000, killed, wounded and captured. Chiang Kai-shek announced the cancellation of the designation of the New Fourth Army and ordered attacks against its other units. The event was called the Southern Anhwei Incident. 15. During the War of Resistance the Kuomintang kept a staff officer in Yenan for liaison. "Ho" refers to Ho Ying-chin, Chief of the Kuomintang General Staff. On October 19 and December 8,1940, Chiang Kai-shek sent two telegrams in the names of Ho Ying-chin and Pai Chung-hsi, Deputy Chief of the Kuomintang General Staff, outrageously slandering the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army, which were fighting stubbornly behind the Japanese lines, and arbitrarily ordering the people's anti-Japanese armed forces operating south of the Yellow River to withdraw north of the river within a definite time-limit. The Kuomintang reactionaries then
launched a sudden attack on units of the New Fourth Army which were moving north and thus created the Southern Anhwei Incident.At that time the Communist Party of China pointed to Ho Ying-chin as the representative of the Kuomintang reactionaries who had launched the large-scale anti-Communist campaign,but actually Chiang Kai-shek was meant. 16.The "People's Political Council"was an advisory body set up by the Kuomintang government after the start of the War of Resistance.Its members were all "selected"by the Kuomintang government;the majority belonged to the Kuomintang,and only a very few belonged to the Communist Party of China and other political parties.Moreover,the Kuomintang government did not recognize the equal and legal status of the parties which were opposed to Japanese aggression, nor did it allow their members to sit in the "People's Political Council"as representatives of their parties.One of the stipulations of the "Organic Rules of the People's Political Council" promulgated by the Kuomintang government was that those persons might become members of the Council "who have served in important cultural or economic organizations for three years or more and enjoy prestige,or those who devote themselves to affairs of state and have long enjoyed prestige".It was on the basis of this stipulation that the Kuomintang "selected"some counselors from the Communist Party of China. 17.This refers to the commentary,"Chiang Kai-shek Is Provoking Civil War",written by Comrade Mao Tse-tung for the Hsinhua News Agency,pp.27-31 of this volume. 18.An unfinished railway line in southeastern Shansi Province,between Paikuei in Chihsien County and Chincheng. 19.The province of Chahar was abolished in 1952.The province of Jehol was abolished in 1955. The territories originally under their jurisdiction were transferred to Hopei,Shansi and Liaoning Provinces and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. 20.From July to September 1931 Chiang Kai-shek personally held the post of commander-in-chief and moved 300,000 reactionary troops in an encirclement campaign against the Kiangsi Red Base Area.The Red Army smashed this encirclement campaign and won a great victory.For details,see "Strategic Problems of the Chinese Revolutionary War",Chapter 5,Section 5,Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,Vol.I. 21.The twenty-one county towns here referred to were Juichin,Huichang,Hsunwu,Anyuan, Hsinfeng,Yutu,Hsingkuo,Ningtu,Kuangchang,Shihcheng and Lichuan in Kiangsi Province,and Chienning,Taining,Ninghua,Chingliu,Kueihua,Lungyen,Changting,Liencheng,Shanghang and Yungting in Fukien Province. 22.Pao-an was a county in the northwestern part of Shensi Province.It is now called Chihtan County.The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had its headquarters there from early July 1936 to January 1937.Later it moved to Yenan. 23.The fortified village referred to was Tanpachai in the southwest of Pao-an County.There were over two hundred households in the village,which occupied a highly strategic position.Tsao Chun-
launched a sudden attack on units of the New Fourth Army which were moving north and thus created the Southern Anhwei Incident. At that time the Communist Party of China pointed to Ho Ying-chin as the representative of the Kuomintang reactionaries who had launched the large-scale anti-Communist campaign, but actually Chiang Kai-shek was meant. 16. The "People's Political Council" was an advisory body set up by the Kuomintang government after the start of the War of Resistance. Its members were all "selected" by the Kuomintang government; the majority belonged to the Kuomintang, and only a very few belonged to the Communist Party of China and other political parties. Moreover, the Kuomintang government did not recognize the equal and legal status of the parties which were opposed to Japanese aggression, nor did it allow their members to sit in the "People's Political Council" as representatives of their parties. One of the stipulations of the "Organic Rules of the People's Political Council" promulgated by the Kuomintang government was that those persons might become members of the Council "who have served in important cultural or economic organizations for three years or more and enjoy prestige, or those who devote themselves to affairs of state and have long enjoyed prestige". It was on the basis of this stipulation that the Kuomintang "selected" some counselors from the Communist Party of China. 17. This refers to the commentary, "Chiang Kai-shek Is Provoking Civil War", written by Comrade Mao Tse-tung for the Hsinhua News Agency, pp. 27-31 of this volume. 18. An unfinished railway line in southeastern Shansi Province, between Paikuei in Chihsien County and Chincheng. 19. The province of Chahar was abolished in 1952.The province of Jehol was abolished in 1955. The territories originally under their jurisdiction were transferred to Hopei, Shansi and Liaoning Provinces and the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. 20. From July to September 1931 Chiang Kai-shek personally held the post of commander-in-chief and moved 300,000 reactionary troops in an encirclement campaign against the Kiangsi Red Base Area. The Red Army smashed this encirclement campaign and won a great victory. For details, see "Strategic Problems of the Chinese Revolutionary War", Chapter 5, Section 5, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung,Vol. I. 21. The twenty-one county towns here referred to were Juichin, Huichang, Hsunwu, Anyuan, Hsinfeng, Yutu, Hsingkuo, Ningtu, Kuangchang, Shihcheng and Lichuan in Kiangsi Province, and Chienning, Taining, Ninghua, Chingliu, Kueihua, Lungyen, Changting, Liencheng, Shanghang and Yungting in Fukien Province. 22. Pao-an was a county in the northwestern part of Shensi Province. It is now called Chihtan County. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China had its headquarters there from early July 1936 to January 1937. Later it moved to Yenan. 23. The fortified village referred to was Tanpachai in the southwest of Pao-an County. There were over two hundred households in the village, which occupied a highly strategic position. Tsao Chun-