old individuals. As fishing increased and natural mortality is reduced, death from fishing eventually takes the place of most natural mortality. If the amount of fishing is increased too much, the indivduals will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth, and total yield will be reduced. The maximum sustainable yields can be taken at an intermediate population size that in some populations is about one third the unfished population size. G V Nikolskii, of Moscow State University, develops his theory from a different approach. He is non Darwinian and is(he says )a nonmathematician; rather he considers himself as ecologist and morphologist. He argues that Darwins's concept of constant overpopulation has led to the neglect of the problem of protecting spawns and young fish. He argues also that Darwin s concept of a variety as an incipient species have led to extensive mathematical analysis of racial characters. Nikolskii considers the main laws of population dynamics to be concerned with the succession of generations: their birth, growth, and death. The details are governed by the relative rates of adaptaton and environmental change. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The rate of growth of individuals, the time of sexual maturity and the accumulation of reserves vary according to the food supply. These factors in turn influence the success of reproduction in ways that tend to bring the size of the population into balance with its food supply. 51. Nikolskill theorizes that fish population is controlled mainly by the A size of the fish caught within a species B racial characteristics of the species C amount of food available to the species D death rate within a species The author indicates the main difference between the theories of darwin and Nikolskii is the A effect of food supply on the size of the fish B the amount of fish that can be harvested C. methods used to catch fish D cause of population variation in fish The theories based on the concepts of Darwin assume that fish population is controlled mainly by the A size of the fish caught within a specie B amount of fishing pressure of the species C racial characteristics of the species D. life expectancy within the species The researchers discussed in the passage were mainly concerned with A species of fish faced with extinction B the ecology of fishing C the effects of pollution on fishing D. commercial fishing Passage 2 There are people in Italy who can t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grow men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while little of anythi happens. They tell you it s a game better suited to the 19th century slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there s the sport tha glorifies“ the hit By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still On tv the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his sub ject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The Tv wont do it for you. Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him
old individuals. As fishing increased and natural mortality is reduced, death from fishing eventually takes the place of most natural mortality. If the amount of fishing is increased too much, the indivduals will tend to be taken before realizing their potential growth, and total yield will be reduced. The maximum sustainable yields can be taken at an intermediate population size that in some populations is about one third the unfished population size. G.V.Nikolskii, of Moscow State University, develops his theory from a different approach. He is non Darwinian and is(he says)a nonmathematician; rather he considers himself as ecologist and morphologist. He argues that Darwins's concept of constant overpopulation has led to the neglect of the problem of protecting spawns and young fish. He argues also that Darwin's concept of a variety as an incipient species have led to extensive mathematical analysis of racial characters. Nikolskii considers the main laws of population dynamics to be concerned with the succession of generations; their birth, growth, and death. The details are governed by the relative rates of adaptaton and environmental change. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The mass and age structure of a population are the result of adaptation to the food supply. The rate of growth of individuals, the time of sexual maturity, and the accumulation of reserves vary according to the food supply. These factors in turn influence the success of reproduction in ways that tend to bring the size of the population into balance with its food supply. 51. Nikolskill theorizes that fish population is controlled mainly by the _____ . A.size of the fish caught within a species B.racial characteristics of the species C.amount of food available to the species D.death rate within a species ▪ The author indicates the main difference between the theories of Darwin and Nikolskii is the _____ . A.effect of food supply on the size of the fish B.the amount of fish that can be harvested C.methods used to catch fish D.cause of population variation in fish ▪ The theories based on the concepts of Darwin assume that fish population is controlled mainly by the _____ . A.size of the fish caught within a species B.amount of fishing pressure of the species C.racial characteristics of the species D.life expectancy within the species ▪ The researchers discussed in the passage were mainly concerned with _____ . A.species of fish faced with extinction B.the ecology of fishing C.the effects of pollution on fishing D.commercial fishing ▪ Passage 2 There are people in Italy who can't stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey.A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They tell you it's a game better suited to the 19th century slow,quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there's the sport that glorifies “the hit”. By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still. On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won't do it for you. Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him
tching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher (*F)throws the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhap Nothing happened, "you say. "I could have had my eyes closed,suppos he glances across the field to check his first baseman' s position. Suppose the pitch is a ball The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot: smooth the pocket in your glove: watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony (]5)of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber (=A)music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses 5. The passage is mainly concerned with A. the different tastes of people for sports B. the different characteristics of sports C. the attraction of football D. the attraction of baseball Those who don t like baseball may complain that it is only to the taste of the old B. it involves fewer players than football C. it is not exciting enough D. it is pretentious and looks funny The author admits that A. baseball is too peaceful for the young B. baseball may seem boring when watched on TV C. football is more attracting than basebal D. baseball is more interesting than footbal We can safely conclude that the author A. likes football B. hates foot ball C, hates baseball D. likes baseball Passage 3 Aleister Growley is probably considered to be the most infamous Black Magician of the 20th century al though, in fact, he was not a Black Magician and never claimed to be. He practiced his wwn form of magic which only partly resembled the rites of devil worshippers, and it was certainly ot performed for the same ends Rather than worshipping God, the devil, or any thing else, Crowley devised a "religion"with himself as a saviour showing the people the way to freedom through their own "true will". In other words, he said, people should throw off all constraints and conventions and gain control of themselves and others through their own will power. In his famous books, "Magic in Theory and Practice", Crowley explains what magic is, namely, technique of making nature obey man's will by capturing natural power through speaking the appropriate words and performing the correct actions. all this must be done while in the righ state of mind: a state that Crowley often produced by the use of drugs His experiments with various drugs were to have serious consequences and by the time he was in his thirties he was taking too much heroin. At the end of his life he was taking a massive daily does of ll grammes, enough to kill a roomful of people. It was only his extraordinary physical strength and conditioning through the years, that stopped it being fatal. Rather ironically, considering his excessive intake of drugs, Crowley died of natural causes at the age of 72. Opinion has always been sharply divided about him, for as well as being a self confessed magician, Crowley also painted, wrote plays, stories and poetry. Some see him as a clever but misguided man, while others, especially after the scandals at tached to his life at Cefalu in Cicily iew him as truly evil. 59. Through the doctrine of true will", Crowley encouraged people to
watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher (投手) throws; the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman's position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,”you say.“I could have had my eyes closed.” The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony (交响乐) of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber (室内)music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses. 55. The passage is mainly concerned with _____ . A．the different tastes of people for sports B．the different characteristics of sports C．the attraction of football D．the attraction of baseball ▪ Those who don't like baseball may complain that _____ . A．it is only to the taste of the old B．it involves fewer players than football C．it is not exciting enough D．it is pretentious and looks funny ▪ The author admits that _____ . A．baseball is too peaceful for the young B．baseball may seem boring when watched on TV C．football is more attracting than baseball D．baseball is more interesting than football ▪ We can safely conclude that the author _____ ． A．likes football B．hates football C．hates baseball D．likes baseball ▪ Passage 3 Aleister Growley is probably considered to be the most infamous Black Magician of the 20th century although, in fact, he was not a Black Magician and never claimed to be. He practiced his own form of magic which only partly resembled the rites of devil worshippers, and it was certainly not performed for the same ends. Rather than worshipping God, the devil, or anything else, Crowley devised a “religion”with himself as a saviour showing the people the way to freedom through their own“true will”.In other words, he said, people should throw off all constraints and conventions and gain control of themselves and others through their own will power. In his famous books,“Magic in Theory and Practice”,Crowley explains what magic is, namely, a technique of making nature obey man's will by capturing natural power through speaking the appropriate words and performing the correct actions. All this must be done while in the right state of mind: a state that Crowley often produced by the use of drugs. His experiments with various drugs were to have serious consequences and by the time he was in his thirties he was taking too much heroin. At the end of his life he was taking a massive daily does of 11 grammes, enough to kill a roomful of people. It was only his extraordinary physical strength and conditioning through the years, that stopped it being fatal. Rather ironically, considering his excessive intake of drugs, Crowley died of natural causes at the age of 72. Opinion has always been sharply divided about him, for as well as being a self confessed magician, Crowley also painted, wrote plays, stories and poetry. Some see him as a clever but misguided man, while others ,especially after the scandals attached to his life at Cefalu in Cicily, view him as truly evil. 59. Through the doctrine of “true will”,Crowley encouraged people to _____