Unit 2 Section A Iron and the effects of exercise I. Background Knowledge 1. Medicine Science in Sports Exercise This is a multidisciplinary journal featuring original investigations, clinical studi comprehensive reviews on current topics in sports medicine and exercise science. With multidisciplinary journal, exercise physiologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, team physicians and athletic trainers get a vital exchange of information from basic and applied science, medicine education and allied health fields 2. Digestive system The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa In the mouth stomach. and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food 3. Iron for health Are you iron deficient? Lack of iron is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, even in the western world where most of our dietary problems are from eating too much rather than eating too little Women are particularly at risk. The average iron intake of a woman in the U.S.A. is only 12.3 mg, well below the recommended daily allowance of 15 mg(the amount recommended for How would you know? If you are: tired, have reduced ability to exercise, have poor stamina, get frequent infections, or are lethargic, it may be that you could be iron deficient. There are two main causes: Not eating enough iron rich foods, for example, those on restrictive diets and vegetarians. 2 Increased demand for iron, for example to replace blood loss(eg. from menstruation) or in times of growth(such as adolescence)or physical activity Iron is a mineral found in every cell of the body. It is vital for good health and for our mental and physical well being. It has three roles To carry oxygen around the body. Every cell in the body needs oxygen. Think of your blood stream as a highway and iron(in the hemoglobin of red blood cells) as the vehicle that carries oxygen from your lungs to wherever it's needed. It's easy to see why iron vital for life Ensuring a healthy immune system. The cells which fight infection and defend the body against foreign organisms depend on adequate stores of iron. So if your iron stores are low your body is prone to more frequent infections Making Energy. Iron is essential in the chemical reactions that produce energy from food So if your iron levels are low then you body may not be able to use all the energy vailable to it Not all Iron Is the Same
1 Unit 2 Section A Iron and the Effects of Exercise I. Background Knowledge 1. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: This is a multidisciplinary journal featuring original investigations, clinical studies, and comprehensive reviews on current topics in sports medicine and exercise science. With this multidisciplinary journal, exercise physiologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, team physicians and athletic trainers get a vital exchange of information from basic and applied science, medicine, education, and allied health fields. 2. Digestive system: The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. 3. Iron for Health Are you iron deficient? Lack of iron is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, even in the western world where most of our dietary problems are from eating too much rather than eating too little. Women are particularly at risk. The average iron intake of a woman in the U.S.A. is only 12.3 mg, well below the recommended daily allowance of 15 mg (the amount recommended for health). How would you know? If you are: tired, have reduced ability to exercise, have poor stamina, get frequent infections, or are lethargic, it may be that you could be iron deficient. There are two main causes: 1. Not eating enough iron rich foods, for example, those on restrictive diets and vegetarians. 2. Increased demand for iron, for example to replace blood loss (eg. from menstruation) or in times of growth (such as adolescence) or physical activity. Iron is a mineral found in every cell of the body. It is vital for good health and for our mental and physical well being. It has three roles. To carry oxygen around the body. Every cell in the body needs oxygen. Think of your blood stream as a highway and iron (in the hemoglobin of red blood cells) as the vehicle that carries oxygen from your lungs to wherever it's needed. It's easy to see why iron is vital for life. Ensuring a healthy immune system. The cells which fight infection and defend the body against foreign organisms depend on adequate stores of iron. So if your iron stores are low your body is prone to more frequent infections. Making Energy. Iron is essential in the chemical reactions that produce energy from food. So if your iron levels are low then you body may not be able to use all the energy available to it. Not all Iron Is the Same
The are two different type of iron in food haem iron, found in red meat seafood and po nd non-haem iron found in breads, fruits, breakfast cereals, vegetable, legumes(e.g. baked beans) Haem iron foods are rich in iron and contain iron in the form that is easily absorbed by the body. Red the vegetables can boost the absorption of non-haem iron by up to four times. Vitamin C also has a similar positive effect on the absorption of iron In other words, the key to an iron rich diet is to eat a combination of iron rich foods high both haem and non-haem iron II. Text Analysis Main idea of the tex Exercise may lead to more loss of iron in females, which in turn produces serious effects on their health. According to sports medicine experts, active women should pay more attention to iron deficiency in their bodies and take correct measures to remedy it before it really becomes a problem. 1. Problem- Analysis- Solution(问题解决法) The whole essay is written in a typical problem-analysis-solution-evaluation pattern Problen Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. ( Para. 1) Provision of evidence for the problem: 1)Their study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week showed evidence of iron loss; 2) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back 3) The new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels(Paras. 2-3) Analysis of general causes for it 1)Too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in; 2) Women's monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; 3)Many women increase their risk of iron loss by rejecting red meat; 4) Women are liable to experience a deficiency as a result of restricting their diet in weight control Para. 4) Analysis of specific causes for it: (I)The average woman takes in only 2/3 of the recommended daily allowance for iron, which would easily cause iron deficiency if they take some exercises. ( Para. 5) (2)Some iron is lost in sweat, and intense endurance exercises may cause irondeficiency through bleeding of the digestive system and bleeding of the blood vessels in the feet. (Para. 6) Analysis of effects of iron deficiency: (1) Fatig whe ugh iron their blood to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (2) ak, tired and out of breath -and their exercise performance is severely compromised; and they are in trouble. Paras. 7-8) (1)It is important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (2) Both women and men are at risk of iron deficiency as a result of a high
2 The are two different type of iron in food: haem iron, found in red meat seafood and poultry, and non-haem iron found in breads, fruits, breakfast cereals, vegetable, legumes (e.g. baked beans), nuts and eggs. Haem iron foods are rich in iron and contain iron in the form that is easily absorbed by the body. Red meat also has a special effect on iron absorption. The meat when eaten together with the vegetables can boost the absorption of non-haem iron by up to four times. Vitamin C also has a similar positive effect on the absorption of iron. In other words, the key to an iron rich diet is to eat a combination of iron rich foods high in both haem and non-haem iron. II. Text Analysis Main idea of the text Exercise may lead to more loss of iron in females, which in turn produces serious effects on their health. According to sports medicine experts, active women should pay more attention to iron deficiency in their bodies and take correct measures to remedy it before it really becomes a problem. 1. Problem-Analysis-Solution (问题解决法) The whole essay is written in a typical problem-analysis-solution-evaluation pattern. Problem: Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. (Para. 1) Provision of evidence for the problem: 1) Their study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week showed evidence of iron loss; 2) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back; 3) The new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. (Paras. 2 - 3) Analysis of general causes for it: 1) Too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in; 2) Women’s monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; 3) Many women increase their risk of iron loss by rejecting red meat; 4) Women are liable to experience a deficiency as a result of restricting their diet in weight control. (Para. 4) Analysis of specific causes for it: (1) The average woman takes in only 2/3 of the recommended daily allowance for iron, which would easily cause iron deficiency if they take some exercises. (Para. 5) (2) Some iron is lost in sweat, and intense endurance exercises may cause iron deficiency through bleeding of the digestive system and bleeding of the blood vessels in the feet. (Para. 6) Analysis of effects of iron deficiency: (1) Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear when not enough iron is present in their blood to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (2) When their iron reserves go to zero, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and their exercise performance is severely compromised; and they are in trouble. (Paras. 7 - 8) Analysis of importance of checking iron reserves: (1) It is important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (2) Both women and men are at risk of iron deficiency as a result of a high
level of active physical exercise. ( 3) It is advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves.(Para. 9) Solution to the problen (1)If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by difying your diet or by taking supplements..(Para. 10) (2)Select breads and cereals with the words'iron-added'on the label.(Para. 11) (3) Eat the foods with plentiful Vitamin C to enhance the amount of iron absorbed. (Para. 11) (4)Cook in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. Para. Il) (5)Avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, since substances in these drinks can interfere witl iron being absorbed into the body. Para. I1) Evaluation Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices. If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem. (Para. 12) 2. Quotation:(引言法) To support his argument, the author quotes as hard evidence the remarks respectively from the associate professor of Purdue University, Roseanne M. Lyle( Paras. 2, 3 and 12), another expert at Purdue(Para. 5), one of the Purdue study designers, John L. Beard(Paras. 8 and 9), and the sports diet expert Nancy Clark(Para. 11) Illustration(举证法) Spe (1 )Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies.(Para. I (2)We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,"says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (3)Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a wee months was published in the journal Medicine Science in Sports Exercise(Para. 2) Main idea of each part and devices for developing it Part I(Para. 1-3 Main idea Exercise, even moderate exercise, may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women Devices for developing it: Illustration(举证法) Specific evidence (1)Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. Para. 1) (2)"We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss, "says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue ()Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine Science in Sports Exercise( Para. 2) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back, she notes. "But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. (Para. 3)
3 level of active physical exercise. (3) It is advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves. (Para. 9) Solution to the problem: (1) If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements… (Para. 10) (2) Select breads and cereals with the words ‘iron-added’ on the label… (Para. 11) (3) Eat the foods with plentiful Vitamin C to enhance the amount of iron absorbed. (Para. 11) (4) Cook in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. ( Para. 11) (5) Avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, since substances in these drinks can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body. ( Para. 11) Evaluation: “Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices. If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem.” (Para. 12) 2. Quotation: (引言法) To support his argument, the author quotes as hard evidence the remarks respectively from the associate professor of Purdue University, Roseanne M. Lyle (Paras. 2, 3 and 12), another expert at Purdue (Para. 5), one of the Purdue study designers, John L. Beard (Paras. 8 and 9), and the sports diet expert Nancy Clark (Para. 11). Illustration (举证法): Specific evidence: (1)Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. (Para. 1) (2) “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (3) Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. (Para. 2) Main idea of each part and devices for developing it Part I (Para. 1 – 3) Main idea: Exercise, even moderate exercise, may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. Devices for developing it: Illustration (举证法) Specific evidence: (1) Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. (Para. 1) (2) “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (3) Her study of 62 formally inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. (Para. 2) “Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,” she notes. “But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.”(Para. 3)
General Conclusion: Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women Quotation(引言法)& Contrast(对比法) Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back, she notes. "But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. "(Para. 3) Part ll(Para. 4-6) Main ldea This part is about the causes for both iron deficiency among women in general and more serious deficiency among active women Devices for developing it Cause and effect(因果法) Effect(Para. 4) Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively General causes for the effect (1) They ignore the amount of iron they take in; (2)Women's monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss;(3)Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, hich contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. (4)Women often experience a deficiency as a result of their effort to control weight. Para. 4) Effect: (Para. 4) But the ratio(of iron deficiency in women) is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athlete Specific causes for the effect Additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency. ( Para. 5)(2)Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. (3) Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where mall blood vessels in the feet leak blood Part Ill (Paras 7-9) Main idea The author makes clear both the effects of iron deficiency on people's health and the importance of checking iron reserves to active people Devices for developing it General-specific(总分法) General statement:(Para. 7) There are three stages of iron deficiency Specific statements:(Para. 7) (1)The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no (2)Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working (3)In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath- and exercise
4 General Conclusion: Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. Quotation (引言法) & Contrast (对比法) : “Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,” she notes. “But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.”(Para. 3) Part II (Para. 4 – 6) Main Idea This part is about the causes for both iron deficiency among women in general and more serious deficiency among active women. Devices for developing it Cause and effect (因果法) Effect (Para. 4) Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. General causes for the effect: (1) They ignore the amount of iron they take in; (2) Women’s monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss; (3) Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.(4)Women often experience a deficiency as a result of their effort to control weight. (Para. 4) Effect: (Para. 4) But the ratio (of iron deficiency in women) is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. Specific causes for the effect: Additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency.(Para. 5) (2) Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system.(3) Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where mall blood vessels in the feet leak blood. (Para. 6) Part III (Paras. 7 - 9) Main idea The author makes clear both the effects of iron deficiency on people’s health and the importance of checking iron reserves to active people. Devices for developing it General-specific (总分法) General statement: (Para. 7) There are three stages of iron deficiency. Specific statements: (Para. 7) (1) The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. (2) Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (3) In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and exercise
performance is severely compromised Refutation(批驳法) (1)"People think that if theyre not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but thats not true, " says John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study. ""You're not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero,. "(2)... most people don't know they have a deficiency, because the amount of iron in blood are not sufficient,.. Instead, it's important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (3)While active child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores., men are not safe, especially if hey don' t eat meat and have a high level of physical activity (Paras. 8&9) Part IV(Paras. 10-12) Main idea The author gives his advice on how to remedy iron deficiency Devices for developing it Exemplification(举例法) 1. The author gives his advice through a list of examples: (Para. 10) (1)The best sources of iron are meat, chicken, and fish. (2)Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetable 2. The author quotes an example from Clark's advice on cooking in iron pans: (Para. l1) The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase the level going up nearly 30 times III. Language points 1. endurance: n. the ability to continue with unpleasant or difficult situation, experience, or activity over a long period of time endurance test耐力测试 beyond/ past endurance超出可以忍受的限度 The exercise obviously will improve strength and endurance显然,这种锻炼会增强体力和耐 力 Long distance races are won by the runners with the greatest endurance.长跑比赛的获胜者是 最有耐力的运动员 2. moderate: a. of middle degree, power, or rate; neither large nor small, neither high nor low Ten years of working in the company enabled him to afford a house of moderate size.在公司工 作了不得10年,他得以有能力购买一栋中等大小的房子 At the time of the accident,. the car was traveling at a moderate speed.事故发生时,该车正以中 速行驶 3. evidence: n. sth, such as a fact, sign, or object that gives proof for reasons to believe or agree with sth There is a lot of evidence that stress is partly responsible for disease.有很多证据表明,压力是 致病的部分原因 To date there is no evidence to support this theory.至今尚无证据支持这一理论 Can you show me any evidence for your statement?你能不能给我看看你这种说法的证据? When the police arrived he had already destroyed the evidence that showed he was guilty. L 察来时他已销毁了罪证 t. 1)eat or drink; 2)u
5 performance is severely compromised. Refutation (批驳法) (1) “People think that if they’re not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but that’s not true,” says John L. Beard , who helped design the Purdue study. “You’re not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, …” (2) …most people don’t know they have a deficiency, because the amount of iron in blood are not sufficient, … Instead, it’s important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. (3) While active, child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores…, men are not safe, especially if they don’t eat meat and have a high level of physical activity. (Paras. 8 & 9) Part IV (Paras.10-12) Main idea The author gives his advice on how to remedy iron deficiency. Devices for developing it Exemplification (举例法) 1. The author gives his advice through a list of examples: (Para. 10) 10) (1) The best sources of iron are meat, chicken, and fish. (2) Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables. 2. The author quotes an example from Clark’s advice on cooking in iron pans: (Para. 11) “The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times.” III. Language Points 1. endurance: n. the ability to continue with unpleasant or difficult situation, experience, or activity over a long period of time endurance test 耐力测试 beyond / past endurance 超出可以忍受的限度 The exercise obviously will improve strength and endurance.显然, 这种锻炼会增强体力和耐 力 Long distance races are won by the runners with the greatest endurance. 长跑比赛的获胜者是 最有耐力的运动员. 2. moderate: a. of middle degree, power, or rate; neither large nor small, neither high nor low Ten years of working in the company enabled him to afford a house of moderate size. 在公司工 作了不得 10 年, 他得以有能力购买一栋中等大小的房子. At the time of the accident, the car was traveling at a moderate speed. 事故发生时,该车正以中 速行驶. 3. evidence: n. sth., such as a fact, sign, or object that gives proof for reasons to believe or agree with sth. There is a lot of evidence that stress is partly responsible for disease. 有很多证据表明, 压力是 致病的部分原因. To date there is no evidence to support this theory. 至今尚无证据支持这一理论. Can you show me any evidence for your statement? 你能不能给我看看你这种说法的证据? When the police arrived he had already destroyed the evidence that showed he was guilty. 警 察来时,他已销毁了罪证. 4. consume: vt. 1) eat or drink; 2) use; use up