The sophistication of modern control systems and the reliability of the equipment used have resulted in machinery spaces remaining unattended for long periods. In order to ensure the safety of the ship and its equipment during UMS operation certain ess certain essential requirements must be met:

A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requ ents as \an oil tanker to carry 100 000 tons deadweight at 15 knot nots\to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements. He is usually required to prepare design for a vessel that must carry certain

The complete electrical plant on board ship is made up of power generation equipment, a distribution system and the many power utilising devices. Electricity is used for the motor drive of equipment. A constant supply of electricity is essend:lighting ventilation and air conditioning

Marine engine is an engine that propels a water-born vessel. Even in small craft the marine engine must have the following characteristics: reliability, light weight, compactness fuel economy, low maintenance, long life, relative simplicity for operating personnel, ability to reverse, and ability to operate steadily at low or cruising speed. The relative importance of these

Taking a brand new ship to sea for the first time is naturally quite an event after so many months of preparation and hard work, and the prevailing spirit is one of cheerful optimism, especially if the hopes of good weather have materialized. As soon as the trials party is assembled on board, the pilot, who has probably been waiting in the wheelhouse for some time, orders the gangway

Launching Apart from certain small craft built on inland waterways, which are launched sideways, the great majority of ships are launched stern first from the building berth. Standing structurc called ways, constructed of concrete and wooden blocks, spaced about one-third of the vessel's

The lines plan;fairing A lines plan, usually 1/48 lifesize scale drawing of a ship, is used by designers to calculate required hydrostatic, stability, and capacity conditions. Full-scale drawings formerly were obtained from the lines plan by redrawing it full size and preparing a platform of boards called a \scrive board\showing the length and shape of all frames and beams. Wood tem plates were then

Planning Delivery of a completed ship by a specified date requires careful planning. Following the introduction of the critical path method of planning and control by the U. S. E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company' about 1959, new techniques were adopted in many shipyards

The wooden ship was constructed on a building berth, around which timbers ad planking were cut and shaped, and then fitted together on the berth to form the hull. A similar practice was followed with iron vessels and, later, with the earlier was followed with the earlier

A cargo shipper and the underwriter requested to insure a maritime risk requie some assurance that any particular vessel is structurally fit to undertake a proposed voyage.TO enable the shipper and underwriter to distinguish the good risk from the bad2a system of classification