△ E and magnet Strength Energy difference is proportional to the magnetic field strength △E=hw=yhB 2π Gyromagnetic ratio, Y, is a constant for each nucleus(26, 753 s-'gauss-1 for H In a 14,092 gauss field, a 60 MHz photon is required to flip a proton LoW energy, radio frequency > Chapter 13
Chapter 13 6 E and Magnet Strength • Energy difference is proportional to the magnetic field strength. • E = h = h B0 2 • Gyromagnetic ratio, , is a constant for each nucleus (26,753 s-1gauss-1 for H). • In a 14,092 gauss field, a 60 MHz photon is required to flip a proton. • Low energy, radio frequency. =>
Magnetic Shielding If all protons absorbed the same amount of energy in a given magnetic field. not much information could be obtained But protons are surrounded by electrons hat shield them from the external field Circulating electrons create an induced magnetic field that opposes the external magnetic field Chapter 13
Chapter 13 7 Magnetic Shielding • If all protons absorbed the same amount of energy in a given magnetic field, not much information could be obtained. • But protons are surrounded by electrons that shield them from the external field. • Circulating electrons create an induced magnetic field that opposes the external magnetic field. =>
Shielded protons Magnetic field strength must be increased for a shielded proton to flip at the same frequency electrons hielding effective effective field field 14.0917 14,092.0 60 MHz 60 MHZ 60 MHZ absorbs does not absorbs absorb 14.. 0 pauss 14.092.0 gauss 14.092.3 gauss naked proton shielded proton stronger applied field absorbs at 14,092.0G feels less than 14,092.0G compensates for shielding Chapter 13
Chapter 13 8 Shielded Protons Magnetic field strength must be increased for a shielded proton to flip at the same frequency. =>
Protons in a molecule s Depending on their chemical environment, protons in a molecule are shielded by different amounts H more shielded absorb at a higher field H-C-0 H less shielded H absorbs at a lower field Chapter 13
Chapter 13 9 Protons in a Molecule Depending on their chemical environment, protons in a molecule are shielded by different amounts. =>
NMR Signals The number of signals shows how many different kinds of protons are present The location of the signals shows how shielded or deshielded the proton is The intensity of the signal shows the number of protons of that type Signal splitting shows the number of protons on adjacent atoms > Chapter 13 10
Chapter 13 10 NMR Signals • The number of signals shows how many different kinds of protons are present. • The location of the signals shows how shielded or deshielded the proton is. • The intensity of the signal shows the number of protons of that type. • Signal splitting shows the number of protons on adjacent atoms. =>