up做(祷告);放弃,交出 render oneself up to投降 blow for blow以牙还牙 ood for evil以德报怨 render back报答,归还 12. bring to a halt: stop completely Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials 我们的旅行因风暴而终止。 Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm 13. offensive: n ---aggressive action, attack 红军发动大规模的军事攻击。( The Red Army led a massive military offensive, launch/ mount an~发动进攻 carry out/ undertake an~进攻 on the~发动进攻 assume/goon/ go over/ take the~进攻 If all else fails, I'll go over to the~.如果其他方法都失败,我将采取攻势 adj. of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant 这支进攻的军队很快地羸得了阵地。( The offensive troops gained ground quickly.) My neighbor is really an offensive person. He often hold parties deep into the night 14. turn the tide( against); change what looks like defeat into victory改变形势,改变局面使 事态急转直下 Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the tide of the war in Europe 15. reckon count: consider: think 许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。( Many people reckon him to be a great football player reckon with take. into consideration All these problems had to be reckoned with as they ard We have to reckon with many problems.我们必须考虑到许多问题 16. toll: n. the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise 战争伤亡人数 money paid for the use of a bridge or road . The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads - toll on long-distance telephone calls长途电话费用 Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge charge/ exact/impose a~征收(道路、桥梁等的)通行费/税 lewy(征收)onsb.向某人收费(或征税) take its/ a toll: cause damage, injuries or deaths(often followed by of / on The famine/ flood took a toll of30,000 lives.使丧生 这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。 The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages v. sound( a large bel) slowly at regular intervals鸣(钟),(特指宣布死亡) - -Bells were tolled all over the country at the emperors death (钟)鸣缓慢地以重复的单音调发出响声 The church bell tolled the hou.教堂的钟声报时。 An introduction of Bleak House by Charles Dickens: Bleak house Note The English legal system is the main object of Dickens's satire in BLEAK HOUSE, perhaps the first legal thriller, which centers on the interminable case of Jarndyce VS Jarndyce as it makes its tortuous
6 ~up 做（祷告）；放弃，交出 --render oneself up to 投降 ~ blow for blow 以牙还牙 ~good for evil 以德报怨 render back 报答, 归还 12. bring to a halt: stop completely --Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials. --我们的旅行因风暴而终止。Our journey was brought to a halt by a storm. 13. offensive: n. --- aggressive action, attack --红军发动大规模的军事攻击。 (The Red Army led a massive military offensive.) launch/ mount an ~ 发动进攻 carry out/ undertake an ~ 进攻 on the ~ 发动进攻 assume/ go on/ go over/ take the ~ 进攻 --If all else fails, I’ll go over to the ~. 如果其他方法都失败，我将采取攻势。 adj. of or about attack; causing offense; unpleasant --这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。( The offensive troops gained ground quickly.) --My neighbor is really an offensive person. He often hold parties deep into the night. 14. turn the tide (against): change what looks like defeat into victory 改变形势, 改变局面使 事态急转直下 --Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the tide of the war in Europe. 15. reckon: count; consider; think --许多人认为他是一位伟大的篮球运动员。 (Many people reckon him to be a great football player.) reckon with: take… into consideration --All these problems had to be reckoned with as they arose. --We have to reckon with many problems. 我们必须考虑到许多问题。 16. toll: n. the number of people or animals killed or injured in particular circumstances; --The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise. --war ~ 战争伤亡人数 --money paid for the use of a bridge or road --The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of the roads. --toll on long-distance telephone calls 长途电话费用 --Each car must pay a toll to cross the bridge. charge/ exact/ impose a ~ 征收（道路、桥梁等的）通行费 / 税 levy (征收)~ on sb. 向某人收费（或征税） take its/ a toll: cause damage, injuries or deaths (often followed by of / on ) --The famine / flood took a toll of 30,000 lives. 使丧生 --这次地震给几个村庄造成重大损失。The earthquake took a heavy toll on several villages. v. sound (a large bell) slowly at regular intervals 鸣(钟), (特指宣布死亡) --Bells were tolled all over the country at the emperor’s death. （钟）鸣缓慢地以重复的单音调发出响声 --The church bell tolled the hour.教堂的钟声报时。 An introduction of Bleak House by Charles Dickens: Bleak House Note: The English legal system is the main object of Dickens's satire in BLEAK HOUSE, perhaps the first legal thriller, which centers on the interminable case of Jarndyce vs. Jarndyce as it makes its tortuous
way over the generations through the Court of Chancery大法官法庭 The battle drags on, the litigants诉讼人 are ruined by the legal fees, and the case itself becomes so convoluted旋绕的,费解的 that no one--lawyers, judges, plaintiffs--even remembers entirely what is at stake. As Dickens takes us through the case's history, he creates his usual array of vividly realized comic, tragic, and satirical figures, from the corrupt lawyer, Tulkinghorn, to the pathetic crossing-sweeper, little Jo, to the clerk called Nemo, including characters with such wonderful monikers名字,绰号 as Krook, Snagsby, Lord doodle, and the he does so ofte Dickens shows us in BLEAK HOUSE--perhaps his most ambitious novel--that venality x, corruption, and vanity have always been a part of human nature. Under the high comedy, he also shows us, very learly, the anger and indignation these qualities roused in him, and his compassion for the helplessness of the poor in the face of a social and legal system that seems, at times, designed only to destroy them Post-reading tasks 2. T checks on Ss'home reading(lext e ercises 1. T guides Ss through some after-text ex 3. T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit: preview Text A Unit 2 Smart car Objective Students will be able to understand the main idea and structure of the text learn some techniques in expository writing(definition quotes, a mixture of facts and opinions, etc. ) grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking, and writing activities related to the theme of the unit Pre-reading tasks T asks Ss the following questions on the song According to the song, will the world be a better or a worse place in a hundred years According to the song, what are some of the effects of modern science and technolog n man in the future? Do you agree?(thoughts and feelings will be shaped by drugs bodies will waste away; family life will be gone, babies will born artificially; man may no longer exist) Free writing Ss are given ten minutes to free write, beginning with the sentence: "Even if I could afford a car, I may not actually want to drive one because
7 way over the generations through the Court of Chancery 大法官法庭. The battle drags on, the litigants 诉讼人 are ruined by the legal fees, and the case itself becomes so convoluted 旋绕的,费解的 that no one--lawyers, judges, plaintiffs--even remembers entirely what is at stake. As Dickens takes us through the case's history, he creates his usual array of vividly realized comic, tragic, and satirical figures, from the corrupt lawyer, Tulkinghorn, to the pathetic crossing-sweeper, little Jo, to the clerk called Nemo, including characters with such wonderful monikers 名字, 绰号 as Krook, Snagsby, Lord Doodle, and the perfectly named Lord and Lady Dedlock. As he does so often, Dickens shows us in BLEAK HOUSE--perhaps his most ambitious novel--that venality 受贿, corruption, and vanity have always been a part of human nature. Under the high comedy, he also shows us, very clearly, the anger and indignation these qualities roused in him, and his compassion for the helplessness of the poor in the face of a social and legal system that seems, at times, designed only to destroy them. Post-reading Tasks 1. T guides Ss through some after-text exercises. 2. T checks on Ss’ home reading (Text B). 3. T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit: preview Text A. Unit 2 Smart car Objectives Students will be able to: understand the main idea and structure of the text; learn some techniques in expository writing (definition, quotes, a mixture of facts and opinions, etc.); grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking, and writing activities related to the theme of the unit. Pre-reading tasks T asks Ss the following questions on the song: --According to the song, will the world be a better or a worse place in a hundred years’ time? --According to the song, what are some of the effects of modern science and technology on man in the future? Do you agree? (thoughts and feelings will be shaped by drugs; bodies will waste away; family life will be gone, babies will born artificially; man may no longer exist) Free writing Ss are given ten minutes to free write, beginning with the sentence: “ Even if I could afford a car, I may not actually want to drive one because…
Ss exchange their papers with at least three fellow Ss, noting down reasons given by the others as to why they wouldn 't drive T asks several Ss to report to class the reasons for not driving a car given both by him herself and by others ove to Text a by saying: Some scientists and engineers have come with the idea of a smart car. Let's read to find out what this smart car can do Questions: How to distinguish opinions and factual statements Answer Questions land2 How important was the automobile industry in the twentieth century? What will happen to cars and roads in the twenty-first century? While-reading tasks T leads Ss through the instructions for Text Organization Exercise 1, and tell them that the main ideas will be filled in as soon as they finish studying a part o explains the language points in Part I and has Ss practice them tell sentences that express opinions from factual statements in Part I. Later T explains that facts and opinions are often interwoven in expository writing and that one must learn to distinguish them Ss summarize the main idea of part i T explains the language points in Part II and has Ss practice them Ss summarize the main idea of part ll Ss do Text Organization Exercise 2 T explains the language points in Part lii and has Ss practice them Ss summarizes the main idea of part ill Post-reading tasks Finding out definitions Ss work in pairs and re-read the text to provide definitions for blind spot, global positioning system, atom Several pairs report to class T solicits answers to the following questions with Besides listing facts and using definitions, what other writing techniques re used in this expository piece of writing? Will you use these techniques in your own writing? T guides Ss through some after-text exercises T checks on Ss home reading Ss do Part IV: Theme-related Language Learning Tasks T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit do the pre-reading task preview Text A Text Analysis automated driver. What do they mean? How do we find out? An efficient reader knows. He / she can make a guess based on knowledge of word-formation or knowledge of the world or the context. For example, when the reader comes across"Should you make a serious driving mistake(e.g, change lanes when there is a car in your blind spot) the computer would sound an immediate warning,, he or she can guess from the ontext that a blind spot must be a portion of the road behind a car, which a driver can not observe from the rear-view mirror What is the Global Positioning System? From the sentence containing this term("We already have twenty four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the global Positioning System. "I, we know it is a service linked with a satellite. From the following sentence we know its function("They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. What is an atomic clock? The answer is found in exactly the same sentence. It vibrates at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory We can guess the meaning of"telematics" from word formation. The prefix"tele-"means
8 Ss exchange their papers with at least three fellow Ss, noting down reasons given by the others as to why they wouldn’t drive a car. T asks several Ss to report to class the reasons for not driving a car given both by him / herself and by others. 1. 3. T may move to Text A by saying: Some scientists and engineers have come up with the idea of a smart car. Let’s read to find out what this smart car can do. Questions: How to distinguish opinions and factual statements. Answer Questions 1and2 How important was the automobile industry in the twentieth century? What will happen to cars and roads in the twenty-first century? While-reading tasks T leads Ss through the instructions for Text Organization Exercise 1, and tell them that the main ideas will be filled in as soon as they finish studying a part. T explains the language points in Part I and has Ss practice them. Ss tell sentences that express opinions from factual statements in Part I. Later T explains that facts and opinions are often interwoven in expository writing and that one must learn to distinguish them. Ss summarize the main idea of Part I. T explains the language points in Part II and has Ss practice them. Ss summarize the main idea of Part II. Ss do Text Organization Exercise 2. T explains the language points in Part Iii and has Ss practice them. Ss summarizes the main idea of Part III. Post-reading tasks Finding out definitions Ss work in pairs and re-read the text to provide definitions for blind spot, global positioning system, atomic clock, telematics and automated driver. Several pairs report to class. T solicits answers to the following questions: --By what means did you come up with those definitions? --Besides listing facts and using definitions, what other writing techniques re used in this expository piece of writing? --Will you use these techniques in your own writing? T guides Ss through some after-text exercises. T checks on Ss’ home reading. Ss do Part IV: Theme-related Language Learning Tasks. T asks Ss to prepare for the next unit; do the pre-reading task; preview Text A. Text Analysis What jumps out first at a browser of this text may be those terms in quotation marks or with capitalized first letters—blind spot, global positioning system, atomic clocks, telematics and automated driver. What do they mean? How do we find out? An efficient reader knows. He / she can make a guess based on knowledge of word-formation or knowledge of the world or the context. For example, when the reader comes across “Should you make a serious driving mistake (e.g., change lanes when there is a car in your blind spot) the computer would sound an immediate warning”, he or she can guess from the context that a blind spot must be a portion of the road behind a car, which a driver can not observe from the rear-view mirror. What is the Global Positioning System? From the sentence containing this term (“ We already have twenty[four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the Global Positioning System. “], we know it is a service linked with a satellite. From the following sentence we know its function ( “They make it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. “) What is an atomic clock? The answer is found in exactly the same sentence. It vibrates at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory. We can guess the meaning of “ telematics” from word formation. The prefix “tele-“means
distant, the suffix" -matics "may be the end part of "informatics". Then the sentence in the text-"GPS is actually but part of a larger movement, called telematics--tells us more about it What is an automated driver? Sentences directly following the term give a detailed explanation-The plan calls for computers, aided by thousands of three-inch magnetic spikes buried in the highway, to take complete control of the driving of cars ion heavily trafficked roads Cars will be bunched into groups of then to twelve vehicles, only six feet apart, traveling in unison, and controlled by computer Cultural Notes automobile industry: The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only economies but also cultures. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production making several products at once, rather than one at a time ) mass marketing(selling products nationally and globally rather locally, and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made world-wide). Between 1886 and 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the worlds largest manufacturing activity, with more than 53 million new vehicles built each year worldwide Automobile manufacturers are among the largest companies in the world. These corporations are often multinational. These companies often share parts, or use parts made in foreign factories. The U.S. automobile industry produced 16.8 million vehicles in 1999. The three major automobile manufacturers in the United States-General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and Daimler Chrysler(戴姆勒-克莱斯勒) AG-provde three-fourths of the industrys total direct employment in the United States t the start of the 21st century, the trends of global trade and manufacturing flexibility continue Computerization continues to be a major part of auto design and manufacture as do the search for alternative fuels and more efficient automobile designs Global Positioning System(GPS): space-based radio-navigation system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support. GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time that a signal is sent and the time it is received. GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time. The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite that a receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast. The signal contains data that a receiver uses to compute the locations of the satellites and to make other adjustments needed for accurate positioning. The receiver uses the time difference between the time of signal reception and the broadcast time to compute the distance,or range, from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver must account for propagation delays, or decreases in the signals speed caused by the ionosphere and the troposphere. With information about the ranges to three satellites and the location of the satellite when the signal was sent, the receiver can compute its own three-dimensional position As of March 1998, 24 GPS satellites were in operation. Replenishment satellites are ready for launch, and contracts have been awarded to provide satellites into the 21 century. GPS applications continue to grow in land, sea, air, and space navigation. The ability to enhance safety and to decrease fuel consumption will make GPS an important component of travel in the international airspace system. Airplanes will use GPS for landing at fogbound airports. Automobiles will use GPs as part of intelligent transportation systems. Emerging technologies will enable gps to determine not only the position of a vehicle but also its altitude ntelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): advanced electronics, communications, and
9 distant, the suffix “-matics “ may be the end part of “informatics”. Then the sentence in the text—“GPS is actually but part of a larger movement, called telematics==tells us more about it. What is an automated driver? Sentences directly following the term give a detailed explanation—“The plan calls for computers, aided by thousands of three-inch magnetic spikes buried in the highway, to take complete control of the driving of cars ion heavily trafficked roads. Cars will be bunched into groups of then to twelve vehicles, only six feet apart, traveling in unison, and controlled by computer. “ Cultural Notes automobile industry: The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only economies but also cultures. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. The automobile has enabled people to travel and transport goods farther and faster, and has opened wider market areas for business and commerce. The auto industry has also reduced the overall cost of transportation by using methods such as mass production ( making several products at once, rather than one at a time ), mass marketing (selling products nationally and globally rather locally_, and globalization of production (assembling products with parts made world-wide). Between 1886 and 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, automaking became the world’s largest manufacturing activity, with more than 53 million new vehicles built each year worldwide. Automobile manufacturers are among the largest companies in the world. These corporations are often multinational. These companies often share parts, or use parts made in foreign factories. The U.S. automobile industry produced 16.8 million vehicles in 1999. The three major automobile manufacturers in the United States—General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and DaimlerChrysler （戴姆勒- 克莱 斯勒） AG—provde three-fourths of the industry’s total direct employment in the United States. At the start of the 21st century, the trends of global trade and manufacturing flexibility continue. Computerization continues to be a major part of auto design and manufacture, as do the search for alternative fuels and more efficient automobile designs. Global Positioning System (GPS): space-based radio-navigation system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support. GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions. GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time that a signal is sent and the time it is received. GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time. The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite so that a receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast. The signal contains data that a receiver uses to compute the locations of the satellites and to make other adjustments needed for accurate positioning. The receiver uses the time difference between the time of signal reception and the broadcast time to compute the distance, or range, from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver must account for propagation delays, or decreases in the signal’s speed caused by the ionosphere and the troposphere. With information about the ranges to three satellites and the location of the satellite when the signal was sent, the receiver can compute its own three-dimensional position. As of March 1998, 24 GPS satellites were in operation. Replenishment satellites are ready for launch, and contracts have been awarded to provide satellites into the 21st century. GPS applications continue to grow in land, sea, air, and space navigation. The ability to enhance safety and to decrease fuel consumption will make GPS an important component of travel in the international airspace system. Airplanes will use GPS for landing at fogbound airports. Automobiles will use GPS as part of intelligent transportation systems. Emerging technologies will enable GPS to determine not only the position of a vehicle but also its altitude. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): advanced electronics, communications, and
computer systems that increase the efficiency and safety of highway transportation Originally known as Intelligent Vehicle /Highway Systems(IVHS), these technologies can provide real-time information exchange between drivers and the roads, giving rise to the terms"smart cars'" and"smart highways. As the technologies have expanded to include public transportation and commercial vehicles, this range of technologies has become known as the Intelligent Transportation System. Increasingly, drivers will have access to up-to-the-minute information on traffic conditions alternate routes, and directions to unfamiliar destinations. Ultimately, vehicle control may be automated Language Study Words and Expressions 1) Turn sth. into a reality(使)变成,(使)成为 become a reality变成现实 Working at home and communicating with fellow workers via their PCs has become a reality for some make sth. a reality实现某事,落实 to escape from reality逃避现实 bring sb. back to reality使某人面对现实,不再抱有幻想 (2rank (pl) The armed forces军队,武装部队; a body of people classed together; numbers群众, 归类在一起的人们;成员: - oined the ranks of the unemployed加入到失业大军中 people of all ranks and classes各阶层人民 -a- painter of the first rank第一流的画家 pull rank: To use one's superior rank to gain an advantage弄权,利用某人的高级职位 谋求利益( pull one's rank on[美俚滥用职权,对…,强迫命令) vtr.* To place in a row or rows排列,排入一排或数排中 归类 a particular order or position to, classify分等/级,给予…特定的次序或位置; To His name will be ranked with the great names of history.将列入历史伟人之列。 R-the provinces in the order of size.按面积大小依次排列各省 I rank his abilities very high我认为他的能力很强。 v Intr. To hold a particular rank列为,位于,占据一个特定的等级( among,wth) ith top students in class在班上名列前茅 This town ranks high among beauty spots这城市在风景区中享有盛名。 * To complain抱怨; To engage in carping criticism. Often used with on:吹毛求疵,揭疮 疤,持续不断地进行尖刻的批评。通常与on连用 Stop ranking on me all the time.不要总对我吹毛求疵 dj* Growing profusely or with excessive vigor茂密丛生的,生长得茂密或速度极快的 rank vegetation in the jungle丛林中茂密丛生的植物 rank grass A生的杂草 * Yielding a profuse, often excessive crop, highly fertile极度肥沃的,生长出茂密乃至超 常植物的 rank earth肥沃的土壤 Absolute; complete绝对的,完全的 a rank amateur一个地道的业余者 a rank stranger十足的陌生人 - a rank beginner十足的新手 rank fraud大骗局 Conspicuously offensive恼人的,极其使人不快的: rank injustice极端的不公正 rank language下流话 (3).prototype: the first model or design of sth. from which other forms are copied or
10 computer systems that increase the efficiency and safety of highway transportation. Originally known as Intelligent Vehicle / Highway Systems (IVHS), these technologies can provide real-time information exchange between drivers and the roads, giving rise to the terms “smart cars” and “smart highways.” As the technologies have expanded to include public transportation and commercial vehicles, this range of technologies has become known as the Intelligent Transportation System. Increasingly, drivers will have access to up-to-the-minute information on traffic conditions, alternate routes, and directions to unfamiliar destinations. Ultimately, vehicle control may be automated. Language Study Words and Expressions (1).Turn sth. into a reality (使)变成, (使)成为 become a reality 变成现实 --Working at home and communicating with fellow workers via their PCs has become a reality for some. --make sth. a reality 实现某事, 落实 --to escape from reality 逃避现实 --bring sb. back to reality 使某人面对现实, 不再抱有幻想 (2)rank: (pl) The armed forces 军队, 武装部队; A body of people classed together; numbers 群众, 归类在一起的人们；成员： --joined the ranks of the unemployed 加入到失业大军中 --people of all ranks and classes 各阶层人民 --a painter of the first rank 第一流的画家 --pull rank: To use one's superior rank to gain an advantage 弄权, 利用某人的高级职位 谋求利益 (pull one's rank on [美俚]滥用职权, 对... 强迫命令) v.tr. *To place in a row or rows 排列, 排入一排或数排中 *To give a particular order or position to; classify 分等/ 级, 给予…特定的次序或位置； 归类 --His name will be ranked with the great names of history .将列入历史伟人之列。 --R-the provinces in the order of size.按面积大小依次排列各省。 --I rank his abilities very high.我认为他的能力很强。 v.intr. To hold a particular rank 列为, 位于, 占据一个特定的等级(among, with ) --ranked first in the class/ rank among / with top students in class 在班上名列前茅 --This town ranks high among beauty spots.这城市在风景区中享有盛名。 *To complain 抱怨; To engage in carping criticism. Often used with on:吹毛求疵，揭疮 疤, 持续不断地进行尖刻的批评。通常与 on 连用： --Stop ranking on me all the time.不要总对我吹毛求疵 adj. *Growing profusely or with excessive vigor 茂密丛生的, 生长得茂密或速度极快的 --rank vegetation in the jungle 丛林中茂密丛生的植物 --rank grass 丛生的杂草 *Yielding a profuse, often excessive crop; highly fertile 极度肥沃的, 生长出茂密乃至超 常植物的 --rank earth 肥沃的土壤 *(Absolute; complete 绝对的，完全的： --a rank amateur 一个地道的业余者 --a rank stranger 十足的陌生人 --a rank beginner 十足的新手 --rank fraud 大骗局 *Conspicuously offensive 恼人的, 极其使人不快的： --rank injustice 极端的不公正 --rank language 下流话 (3).prototype: the first model or design of sth. from which other forms are copied or