Unit 1 Another School year-What For 教学目的了解作者及其背景知识 熟悉本文使用的写作手法 掌握委婉语; 通过深刻理解文章内涵,培养学生社会洞察力和相关的讨论能力,同 时掌握文中的核心语言点。 教学内容背景知识介绍 作品赏析 写作技巧 语言理解 教学重点文学作品的赏析 文学中的修辞手法一委婉语的使用 构词法:词缀 教学方法多种教学法(讲授、问答、讨论、模仿、练习等)并用 warming-up: Discussion Divide the class into several groups and make them have a discussion about the advantages and disad vantages of formal education at school nswers Advantages 1. a systematic mastery of the knowledge required by the public education 2.an access to an at mosphere which is full of compet it ion 3. opportunities of being together with those with whom you share the similar 4. teachers are professionals in the field of education and can provide with what we expect from the Disadvantages 1. formal education pays much attention to similarity rather than individuality; 2. those with special talents cannot exert their potentiality at a formal school Background Information I. william Shakespeare Tragedies: (1)'Hamlet', Macbeth, 'King Lear,, Othello (2)Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar; (3)'Richard Il, 'Richard Ill, Timon of Athens (4) King John, Titus Andronicus, 'Henry VI Comedies: The Tempest As You Like it The winter’ s Tale The merchant of venice Twelfth Night Much Ado about Nothing
1 Unit 1 Another School Year-What For 教学目的 了解作者及其背景知识； 熟悉本文使用的写作手法； 掌握委婉语； 通过深刻理解文章内涵，培养学生社会洞察力和相关的讨论能力，同 时掌握文中的核心语言点。 教学内容 背景知识介绍 作品赏析 写作技巧 语言理解 教学重点 文学作品的赏析； 文学中的修辞手法―委婉语的使用 构词法：词缀 教学方法 多种教学法（讲授、问答、讨论、模仿、练习等）并用 Warming-up: Discussion Divide the class into several groups and make them have a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of formal education at school. Suggested Answers: Advantages: 1. a systematic mastery of the knowledge required by the public education. 2 . a n a cc es s t o a n at mo sp he re w h ich is f ul l of c o mpet it ion 3. opportunities of being together with those with whom you share the similar experience 4. teachers are professionals in the field of education and can provide with what we expect from them; Disadvantages: 1. formal education pays much attention to similarity rather than individuality; 2. those with special talents cannot exert their potentiality at a formal school; Background Information 1. William Shakespeare Tragedies: (1) 'Hamlet', 'Macbeth', 'King Lear', 'Othello'; (2) 'Antony and Cleopatra', 'Coriolanus', 'Romeo and Juliet', 'Julius Caesar'; (3) 'Richard II', 'Richard III', 'Timon of Athens'; (4) 'King John', 'Titus Andronicus', 'Henry VI'. Comedies: 'The Tempest', As You Like It', 'The Winter's Tale', 'The Merchant of Venice', Twelfth Night', 'Much Ado about Nothing
' Cymbeline A Midsummer Nights Dream The Merry Wives of Windsor,, The Taming of the Shrew' Two Gentlemen of Veronal Alls Well That Ends Well A Comedy of Errors’ pericles' Love's labours lost ITwo Noble K insmen' Histories Henry IV, Parts I and 2 'Richard II Richard Ill Henry vIll,, King John Henry Vi’ Parts2and3, Henry vr, Part 1. Serious Plays, or Bitter Comedies: Measure for measure TRoilus and Cressida 2.Bach(1685-1750) Bach, Johann Sebastian, was considered by many of his peers to be the supreme master of counterpoint(compositional technique pitting note against note or melody against melody) This quality was expressly illustrated in his fugal compositions. In this excerpt from his famous Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, written in his early years as a court organist, Bach expands on the toccata( short, intricately articulated keyboard movement)form in an elaborately constructed fugue 3. Homer Homer, name trad itionally assigned to the author of the iliad and the odyssey, the two major epics of Greek antiquity. Nothing is known of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of controversy whether a single person can be said to have written both the iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and historical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were composed in the greek settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century BC THE LIAD The iliad is set in the final year of the Trojan War, fought between the greeks and the inhabitants of the city of Troy. The legend ary conflict forms the background for the centi plot of the story: the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles. Insulted by his commander in chief, Agamemnon, the young warrior Achilles withdraws from the war, leaving his fellow Greeks to suffer terrible defeats at the hands of the Trojans. Achilles rejects the Greeks attempts at reconciliation but finally relents to some extent, allowing his companion Patroclus to lead hi troops in his place. Patroclus is slain, and Achilles, filled with fury and remorse, turns his
2 'Cymbeline', 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'; 'The Merry Wives of Windsor', 'The Taming of the Shrew', 'Two Gentlemen of Verona', 'All's Well That Ends Well', 'A Comedy of Errors', 'Pericles', 'Love's Labour's Lost', 'Two Noble Kinsmen'. Histories: 'Henry IV', Parts 1 and 2, 'Henry V', 'Richard II', 'Richard III', 'Henry VIII,; 'King John', 'Henry VI', Parts 2 and 3, 'Henry VI', Part 1. Serious Plays, or Bitter Comedies: 'Measure for Measure', 'Troilus and Cressida'. 2. Bach (1685-1750) Bach, Johann Sebastian, was considered by many of his peers to be the supreme master of counterpoint (compositional technique pitting note against note or melody against melody). This quality was expressly illustrated in his fugal compositions. In this excerpt from his famous Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, written in his early years as a court organist, Bach expands on the toccata (short, intricately articulated keyboard movement) form in an elaborately constructed fugue. 3. Homer Homer, name traditionally assigned to the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two major epics of Greek antiquity. Nothing is known of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of controversy whether a single person can be said to have written both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and historical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were composed in the Greek settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century BC. THE ILIAD The Iliad is set in the final year of the Trojan War, fought between the Greeks and the inhabitants of the city of Troy. The legendary conflict forms the background for the central plot of the story: the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles. Insulted by his commander in chief, Agamemnon, the young warrior Achilles withdraws from the war, leaving his fellow Greeks to suffer terrible defeats at the hands of the Trojans. Achilles rejects the Greeks' attempts at reconciliation but finally relents to some extent, allowing his companion Patroclus to lead his troops in his place. Patroclus is slain, and Achilles, filled with fury and remorse, turns his
wrath against the Trojans, whose leader, Hector(son of King Priam), he kills in single combat. The poem closes as Achilles surrenders the corpse of Hector to Priam for burial recognizing a certain kinship with the Trojan king as they both face the tragedies of mortality and bereavement THE OD YSSEY The Odyssey describes the return of the greek hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Odysseus's household during his long absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseus's ten years of traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for home. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseus's arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelope's suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged father 4. VIRGIL, or VERGI(70-19 BC) The greatest of the Roman poets, Publius Vergilius Maro, was not a Roman by birth His early home was on a farm in the village of Andes, near Mantua. His father was a farmer, prosperous enough to give his son the best education. The young Virgil was sent to school Cremona and then to Milan. At the age of 17 he went to rome to study There he learned hetoric and philosophy from the best teachers of the day Virgil studied the Greek poets. He wrote his Eclogues. These are pastoral poems describing the beauty of Italian scenes. At the suggestion of Maecenas he wrote a more serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life called the Georgics. This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age The year after the 'Georgics' was published, he began his great epic, the 'Aeneid. He took as his hero the Trojan Aeneas, supposed to be the founder of the Roman nation. The poem, published after Virgil's death, exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature, prose as well as poetry. Thus his influence continued through the middle Ages and into modern times 5. DANTE(1265-1321) z One of the greatest poets in the history of world literature, Italian writer Dante Alighieri composed poetry influenced by classical and Christian tradition Dante's greatest work was the epic poem La divina commedia(1321?: The Divine Comedy, 1802). It includes three sections the Inferno(Hell), in which the great classical poet Virgil leads Dante on a trip through hell the Purgatorio(Purgatory), in which Virgil leads Dante up the mountain of purificati the Paradiso(Paradise), in which Dante travels through heaven. This passage from the Inferno(recited by an actor) comes at the beg inning of the epic, when Dante loses his way in woods The Divine Comedy
3 wrath against the Trojans, whose leader, Hector (son of King Priam), he kills in single combat. The poem closes as Achilles surrenders the corpse of Hector to Priam for burial, recognizing a certain kinship with the Trojan king as they both face the tragedies of mortality and bereavement. THE ODYSSEY The Odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Odysseus's household during his long absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseus's ten years of traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for home. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseus's arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelope's suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged father. 4. VIRGIL, or VERGI (70-19 BC). The greatest of the Roman poets, Publius Vergilius Maro, was not a Roman by birth. His early home was on a farm in the village of Andes, near Mantua. His father was a farmer, prosperous enough to give his son the best education. The young Virgil was sent to school at Cremona and then to Milan. At the age of 17 he went to Rome to study. There he learned rhetoric and philosophy from the best teachers of the day. Virgil studied the Greek poets. He wrote his 'Eclogues'. These are pastoral poems describing the beauty of Italian scenes. At the suggestion of Maecenas he wrote a more serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life called the 'Georgics'. This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age. The year after the 'Georgics' was published, he began his great epic, the 'Aeneid'. He took as his hero the Trojan Aeneas, supposed to be the founder of the Roman nation. The poem, published after Virgil's death, exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature, prose as well as poetry. Thus his influence continued through the Middle Ages and into modern times. 5. DANTE (1265-1321). One of the greatest poets in the history of world literature, Italian writer Dante Alighieri composed poetry influenced by classical and Christian tradition. Dante’s greatest work was the epic poem La divina commedia (1321?; The Divine Comedy, 1802). It includes three sections: the Inferno (Hell), in which the great classical poet Virgil leads Dante on a trip through hell; the Purgatorio (Purgatory), in which Virgil leads Dante up the mountain of purification; and the Paradiso (Paradise), in which Dante travels through heaven. This passage from the Inferno (recited by an actor) comes at the beginning of the epic, when Dante loses his way in the woods. The Divine Comedy
was probably begun about 1307; it was completed shortly before his death. The work is allegorical narrative, in verse of great precision and dramatic force, of the poet's imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven In each of the three realms the poet meets with mythological, historical, and contemporary personages. Each character is sy mbolic of a particular fault or virtue, either religious or political; and the punishment or rewards meted out to the characters further illustrate the larger meaning of their actions in the universal scheme Dante is guided through hell and purgatory by Virgil, who is, to Dante, the symbol of reason. The woman Dante loved. Beatrice. whom he regards as both a manifestation and an instrument of the divine will, is his guide through paradise 6. ARISTOTLE(384-322 BC One of the greatest thinkers of all time, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea. his father was a friend and the physician of the king of Macedonia, and the lad spent most of his boyhood at the court. At 17, he went to Athens to study. He enrolled at the famous Academy directed by the philosopher Plato Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato's pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling him the "mind of the school. " In later years he renounced some of Plato's theories and went far beyond him in breadth of knowledge After his death, Aristotle's writings were scattered or lost. In the early Middle Ages the only works of his known in Western Europe were parts of his writings on logic. They became the basis of one of the three subjects of the med ieval trivium--logic, grammar, and rhetoric Early in the 13th century other books reached the West. Some came from Constantinople others were brought by the arabs to Spain. Medieval scholars translated them into Latin The best known of Aristotle's writings that have been preserved are Organon'(treatises on logic ) 'Rhetoric,, 'Poetics; 'History of Animals, 'Metaphysics, De Anima(on psychology ): Nicomachean Ethics; 'Politics; and'Constitution of Athens 7. Geoffrey Chaucer Called the Father of the English Language as well as the Morning Star of Song, centuries has retained his status as one of the three or four greatest English poets He was the first to commit to lines of universal and enduring appeal a vivid interest nature, books, and people. As many-sided as Shakespeare, he did for English narrative what Shakespeare did for drama. If he lacks the profundity of Shakespeare, he excels in playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression Though his language often seems quaint, he was essentially modern. Familiarity with the language and with the literature of his contemporaries persuades the most skeptical that he is nearer to the present than many writers born long after he died The Canterbury Tales The Tales is a collection of stories set within a framing story of a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral, the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket. The poet joins a band of pilgrims, viv idly described in the General Prologue. who assemble at the Tabard Inn outside London for the
4 was probably begun about 1307; it was completed shortly before his death. The work is an allegorical narrative, in verse of great precision and dramatic force, of the poet's imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven. In each of the three realms the poet meets with mythological, historical, and contemporary personages. Each character is symbolic of a particular fault or virtue, either religious or political; and the punishment or rewards meted out to the characters further illustrate the larger meaning of their actions in the universal scheme. Dante is guided through hell and purgatory by Virgil, who is, to Dante, the symbol of reason. The woman Dante loved, Beatrice, whom he regards as both a manifestation and an instrument of the divine will, is his guide through paradise. 6. ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC). One of the greatest thinkers of all time, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea. His father was a friend and the physician of the king of Macedonia, and the lad spent most of his boyhood at the court. At 17, he went to Athens to study. He enrolled at the famous Academy directed by the philosopher Plato. Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato's pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling him the "mind of the school." In later years he renounced some of Plato's theories and went far beyond him in breadth of knowledge After his death, Aristotle's writings were scattered or lost. In the early Middle Ages the only works of his known in Western Europe were parts of his writings on logic. They became the basis of one of the three subjects of the medieval trivium--logic, grammar, and rhetoric. Early in the 13th century other books reached the West. Some came from Constantinople; others were brought by the Arabs to Spain. Medieval scholars translated them into Latin. The best known of Aristotle's writings that have been preserved are 'Organon' (treatises on logic); 'Rhetoric'; 'Poetics'; 'History of Animals'; 'Metaphysics'; 'De Anima' (on psychology); 'Nicomachean Ethics'; 'Politics'; and 'Constitution of Athens'. 7. Geoffrey Chaucer Called the Father of the English Language as well as the Morning Star of Song, Geoffrey Chaucer, after six centuries, has retained his status as one of the three or four greatest English poets. He was the first to commit to lines of universal and enduring appeal a vivid interest in nature, books, and people. As many-sided as Shakespeare, he did for English narrative what Shakespeare did for drama. If he lacks the profundity of Shakespeare, he excels in playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression. Though his language often seems quaint, he was essentially modern. Familiarity with the language and with the literature of his contemporaries persuades the most skeptical that he is nearer to the present than many writers born long after he died. The Canterbury Tales The Tales is a collection of stories set within a framing story of a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral, the shrine of Saint Thomas à Becket. The poet joins a band of pilgrims, vividly described in the General Prologue, who assemble at the Tabard Inn outside London for the
journey to Canterbury. Ranging in status from a Knight to a humble Plowman, they are a microcosm of 14th-century English society The Canterbury Tales contains 22 verse tales and 2 prose tales presumably told by pilgrims to pass the time on their way to visit a shrine in Canterbury, England The tales represent nearly every variety of med ieval story at its best. The special genius of Chaucers work, however, lies in the dramatic interaction between the tales and the framing Francois de la rochefoucauld (1613-80 francois de la rochefoucauld was born to one of the noble families of france on Sept 15, 1613, in Paris. His notions of human faults and foibles grew out of a life immersed in the olitical crises of his time. The public life of his family was cond itioned by the attitude of the monarchy toward the nobility--sometimes flattering, sometimes threatening. Having served in the army periodically from 1629 to 1646, La rochefoucauld became one of the prominer leaders in the civil war from 1648 to 1653. Wounded in 1649 and again in 1652, he finally retired from the struggle with extensive face and throat wounds and with his health ruined The literary reputation of La rochefoucauld rests on one book: 'Reflexions ou sentenc et maximes morales, published in 1665. Generally called the 'Maximes, these moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams, or short sayings, about human nature--a nature that the author felt is dominated by self-interest. Typical of his point of view are the following sayings: We seldom find such sensible men as those who agree with us' Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea" " The su is to think oneself cleverer than the others", and"We always like those who admire us; we do not always like those whom we admire After convalesc ing, he settled in Paris where he became involved with a circle of brilliant and cultivated people who debated intellectual subjects of all kinds. As an exercise, they attempted to express their thoughts with the greatest brev ity. In so doing they made great us of the epigram, or maxim, which creates surprise through the devices of exaggeration and paradox. La Rochefoucauld soon gained mastery of this device. The first edition of his Maximes contains, in fact, some longer selections along with the epigrams. Altogether he authorized five ed itions of the book in his lifetime, the last appearing in 1678. Two years I a ter. on march 1680.he diedin Paris Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), one of the worlds leading research Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1865 the school was opened in Boston by geologist William Barton Rogers, who became its first president Throughout its history MiT has held a world wide reputation for teaching and research. It as among the first schools to use the laboratory method of instruction, develop the modern profession of chemical eng ineering, and offer courses in aeronautical and electrical engineering and applied physics Word study 1. Verbal affixes ize/ise: 1 )to cause to be; to make to become modernize /stabilize /realize/materialize /standard ize/computerize /idealize/
5 journey to Canterbury. Ranging in status from a Knight to a humble Plowman, they are a microcosm of 14th-century English society. The Canterbury Tales contains 22 verse tales and 2 prose tales presumably told by pilgrims to pass the time on their way to visit a shrine in Canterbury, England. The tales represent nearly every variety of medieval story at its best. The special genius of Chaucer's work, however, lies in the dramatic interaction between the tales and the framing story. Francois de La Rochefoucauld (1613-80). Francois de La Rochefoucauld was born to one of the noble families of France on Sept. 15, 1613, in Paris. His notions of human faults and foibles grew out of a life immersed in the political crises of his time. The public life of his family was conditioned by the attitude of the monarchy toward the nobility--sometimes flattering, sometimes threatening. Having served in the army periodically from 1629 to 1646, La Rochefoucauld became one of the prominent leaders in the civil war from 1648 to 1653. Wounded in 1649 and again in 1652, he finally retired from the struggle with extensive face and throat wounds and with his health ruined. The literary reputation of La Rochefoucauld rests on one book: 'Reflexions ou sentences et maximes morales', published in 1665. Generally called the 'Maximes', these moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams, or short sayings, about human nature--a nature that the author felt is dominated by self-interest. Typical of his point of view are the following sayings: "We seldom find such sensible men as those who agree with us"; "Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea"; "The surest way to be deceived is to think oneself cleverer than the others"; and "We always like those who admire us; we do not always like those whom we admire." After convalescing, he settled in Paris where he became involved with a circle of brilliant and cultivated people who debated intellectual subjects of all kinds. As an exercise, they attempted to express their thoughts with the greatest brevity. In so doing they made great use of the epigram, or maxim, which creates surprise through the devices of exaggeration and paradox. La Rochefoucauld soon gained mastery of this device. The first edition of his 'Maximes' contains, in fact, some longer selections along with the epigrams. Altogether he authorized five editions of the book in his lifetime, the last appearing in 1678. Two years l a t e r , o n M a r c h 1 7 , 1 6 8 0 , h e d i e d i n Paris. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), one of the world’s leading research universities, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1865 the school was opened in Boston by geologist William Barton Rogers, who became its first president. Throughout its history MIT has held a worldwide reputation for teaching and research. It was among the first schools to use the laboratory method of instruction, develop the modern profession of chemical engineering, and offer courses in aeronautical and electrical engineering and applied physics. Word Study 1. Verbal affixies -ize/ise: 1)to cause to be; to make; to become modernize / stabilize / realize / materialize / standardize / computerize / idealize /