9. Around the clause: cohesion and discourse 9.1 The concept of text; logogenetic patterns 9.1.1 The concept of text A. Text: the product or the process? Text as an ongoing process of meaning B. Text as the process of instantiation Context of situation Institution-situation type nstance Context of culture subpotential-instance type text Potential potential repertoires-text type System(of language) System and text are related through instantiation 9. 1. 2 Logogenetic patterns A. Logogenesis is a process of selection of systemic options unfold ing through time how the selections are made clause by clause or group/phrase by group / phrase how structures realize these selections to build up patterns as the text unfolds) Text 9-1 Extract from the beginning of d inner table conversation among friends Craig, 47-year-old man Kate, 41-year-old woman, Jane's sister Jane, 47-year-old woman, Kate's sister Mother, 74-year-old woman, Jane and Kate's mother Craig Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying So.∥ Janes not happy Mine,s cold and All Igeneral laughter Mother: You re hay me on Inaudible overlap Well Jane think of smoked salmon Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh Jane. Oh no no.It's…, Im sorry.∥ Cl Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pan s been washed has it? It hasnt has it? God mine is terrific
1 9. Around the clause: cohesion and discourse 9.1 The concept of text; logogenetic patterns 9.1.1 The concept of text A. Text: the product or the process? Text as an ongoing process of meaning B. Text as the process of instantiation Context of situation Institution-situation type instance Context of culture subpotential-instance type text Potential potential repertoires – text type System (of language) System and text are related through instantiation. 9.1.2 Logogenetic patterns A. Logogenesis is a process of selection of systemic options unfolding through time – how the selections are made clause by clause or group / phrase by group / phrase – how structures realize these selections to build up patterns as the text unfolds). Text 9-1 Extract from the beginning of dinner table conversation among friends Craig, 47-year-old man Kate, 41-year-old woman, Jane’s sister Jane, 47-year-old woman, Kate’s sister Mother, 74-year-old woman, Jane and Kate’s mother Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific
B. Logogenesis as a process involving three metafunctions in the domain of the clause see Table 9-1 on pp 526-528 C. Logogenetic patterns for higher-ranking units(see Table 9-3 on p. 532) 9. 2 The lexicogrammatical resources of cohesion 9.2. 1 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION There are four ways by which cohesion is created in English A. Conjunction B. Reference C. Substitution ellipsis D. Lexical cohesin A. Conjunction Conjunction includes both conjunction proper and continuity. For example Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for say ing so. / Jane's not happy Mine,s cold and All general laughter Mother: You re having me on inaudible overlap Well Jane think of smoked salmon Craig grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh Jane. Oh nono. It's . I' m sorry. // Mmm. mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pans been washed, has it? ra It hasnt. has it? God. mine is terrific Reference creates cohesion by creating links between elements(includ ing thing or facts). The referential expressions can be either exophoric or endophoric(including anaphoric and cataphoric). For example ig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It's lovely darling Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for say ing so. // Jane's not happy Mine's cold and All general laughter Mother: You re having me on inaudible overlap Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon ralg Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh jane. Oh no no.Its…. I'm sorry.∥ Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pan's been washed, has it?
2 B. Logogenesis as a process involving three metafunctions in the domain of the clause (see Table 9-1 on pp.526-528) C. Logogenetic patterns for higher-ranking units (see Table 9-3 on p. 532) 9.2 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION 9.2.1 The lexicogrammatical resources of COHESION There are four ways by which cohesion is created in English: A. Conjunction B. Reference C. Substitution & ellipsis D. Lexical cohesion A. Conjunction Conjunction includes both conjunction proper and continuity. For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. B. Reference Reference creates cohesion by creating links between elements (including things, or facts). The referential expressions can be either exophoric or endophoric (including anaphoric and cataphoric). For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it?
Craig: It hasnt, has it? God, mine is terrific C Substitution ellipsis Ellipsis makes it possible to leave out parts of a structure when they can be presumed from what has gone before, and substitution can be interpreted as a systemic variant. For example Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. / Jane's not happy Mine,s cold and All Igeneral laughter Mother: You re having me on inaudible overlap Well jane think of smoked salmon Craig Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Kate Dh no no. It's . i'm ∥ Mmm. mine is sensational. Sensational Jane: It's alright. Oh the pan's been washed, has it? It hasnt has it? God. mine is terrific D. Lexical cohesion Lexical cohesion operates within the lexical zone and is achieved through the choice of lexical items. For example Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. / Jane's not happy Ja Mine' s cold and all general laughter Mother: You're having me on inaudible overlap Well jane think of smoked salmon Craig Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Kate Oh Jane. Oh nono.It's…, I'm sorry.∥ Mmm. mine is sensational. Sensational It's alright. Oh the pans been washed, has it? It hasnt has it? God. mine is terrifie A9.2.2 Logogenetic chains: chains of reference, ellipsis and lexical cohesive Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully Mother: It's lovely darling Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. l Jane s not happy Mines cold and All Igeneral laughter Mother: You re having me on
3 Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. C. Substitution & ellipsis Ellipsis makes it possible to leave out parts of a structure when they can be presumed from what has gone before, and substitution can be interpreted as a systemic variant. For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. D. Lexical cohesion Lexical cohesion operates within the lexical zone and is achieved through the choice of lexical items. For example: Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on. ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. 9.2.2 Logogenetic chains: chains of reference, ellipsis and lexical cohesive links Craig: Kate I must say this fish is cooked beautifully. Mother: It’s lovely darling. Kate: Thanks. Thank you Craig so much for saying so. // Jane’s not happy. Jane: Mine’s cold and … All: [general laughter] Mother: You’re having me on
inaudible overlap Well Jane think of smoked salmon Grab the pan Oh, no I'll grab the pan I think Oh Jane. Oh no no.Its… I'm sorry.∥ CI Mmm. mine is sensational sensational It s alright. Oh the pan s been washed, has it? It hasn i, has it? God, mine is terrific 9.3 Conjunction 9.3.1 From clause complex to conjunction The clause complexing provides resources for realizing logico-semantic relations grammatically as tactic relations by specifying (i the nature of the logico-semantic relation, (ii) the degree of interdependency, and (iii)the clausal domains being related through the formation of univariate structure, whereas cohesive conjunction only specifies(i) the nature of the logico-semantic relation. For example (1)/// Someone comes along with a great idea for an exped ition / -for example, I did a book called Sand Rivers, just before the Indian books, / and it was a safari into a very remote part of Africa. I/ (2)///Taiwan's newly elected leader expressed interest Friday in considering a confederation with the mainland of China-a relationship a visiting Chinese policy expert said Beijing would surely reject. /// Meanwhile, a list of top Cabinet members in Taiwan's new government was announced, featuring prom inent numbers of women. technocrats and academics who will be key in the push to improve relations with the mainland of China and clean up corruption. l 9.3.2 The system of conjunction(see Table 9-6) A. Elaboration a) Expository: in other words, that is (to say), I mean(to say), to put it another b)Exemplifying: for example, for instance, thus, to illustrate 1i) Clarification a)Corrective or rather at least, to be more precise b)Distractive: by the way incidentally c)Dismissive: in any case, anyway, leaving that aside d)Particularizing: in particular more specifically e)Resumptive: as / was saying, to resume, to get back to the point fSummative: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly g)Verifactive: actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, indeed B. Extension 1)Addition a)Positive: and, also, moreover: in addition c)Adversative: but, yet, on the other hand, however ii) Variation
4 ?: [inaudible overlap] Kate: Well Jane think of smoked salmon. Craig: Grab the pan. Jane: Oh, no I’ll grab the pan I think. Kate: Oh Jane. Oh no no. It’s … I’m sorry. // Craig: Mmm. Mine is sensational. Sensational. Jane: It’s alright. Oh the pan’s been washed, has it? Craig: It hasn’t, has it? God, mine is terrific. 9.3 Conjunction 9.3.1 From clause complex to conjunction The clause complexing provides resources for realizing logico-semantic relations grammatically as tactic relations by specifying (i) the nature of the logico-semantic relation, (ii) the degree of interdependency, and (iii) the clausal domains being related through the formation of univariate structure, whereas cohesive conjunction only specifies (i) the nature of the logico-semantic relation. For example: (1) /// Someone comes along with a great idea for an expedition //– for example, I did a book called Sand Rivers, just before the Indian books, // and it was a safari into a very remote part of Africa. /// (2) ///Taiwan’s newly elected leader expressed interest Friday in considering a confederation with the mainland of China – a relationship a visiting Chinese policy expert said Beijing would surely reject. /// Meanwhile, a list of top Cabinet members in Taiwan’s new government was announced, featuring prominent numbers of women, technocrats and academics who will be key in the push to improve relations with the mainland of China and clean up corruption. /// 9.3.2 The system of conjunction (see Table 9-6) A. Elaboration i) Apposition a) Expository: in other words, that is (to say), I mean (to say), to put it another way b) Exemplifying: for example, for instance, thus, to illustrate ii) Clarification: a) Corrective: or rather, at least, to be more precise b) Distractive: by the way, incidentally c) Dismissive: in any case, anyway, leaving that aside d) Particularizing: in particular, more specifically e) Resumptive: as I was saying, to resume, to get back to the point f) Summative: in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly g) Verifactive: actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, indeed B. Extension i) Addition a) Positive: and, also, moreover, in addition b) Negative: nor c) Adversative: but, yet, on the other hand, however ii) Variation
a) Replacive: on the contrary instead b)Subtractive apart from that, except for that c)Alternative: alternatively C. Enhancement (1)following: then, next, afterwards (2)simultaneous: just then, at the same time ()proceeding: before that, hitherto, previous/y (4)conclusive: in the end, finally b)Comple (1)immediate: at once, thereupon, straightaway (2)interrupted: soon, afier a while (3)repetitive: next time, on another occasion (4)specific: next day, an hour later; that morning (5)durative: meanwhile, all that time (6)terminal: until then, up to that moment (7) punctiliar: at this moment C)Simple internal (1) following: next, secondly (2)simultaneous: at this point, here, now (3)proceeding: hitherto, up to now (4)conclusive: lastly last ofall, finally 1i)Manner (1)Positive: likewise, similarly (2)Negative: in a different way b)Means: thus, thereby, by such means 111) Causal-conditional a)General: so, then, therefore, consequently, hence, because of that, for b)Specific ()result: in consequence, as a result (2)reason: on account of this, for that reason ()purpose: for that purpose, with this in view (4)conditional: positive: then, in that case, in that event, under the circumstances (5)cond itional negative: otherwise, if not (6) concessive: yet, still, though, despite this, however; even so, all the same nevertheless D Matter a) positive: here, there, as to that, in that respect b)negative: in other respects, elsewhere 93.3 The system of conjunction instantiated in text A. Explicit conjunction Heat is only the motion of the atoms i told you about
5 a) Replacive: on the contrary, instead b) Subtractive: apart from that, except for that c) Alternative: alternatively C. Enhancement i) Spatio-temporal a) Simple (1) following: then, next, afterwards (2) simultaneous: just then, at the same time (3) proceeding: before that, hitherto, previously (4) conclusive: in the end, finally b) Complex (1) immediate: at once, thereupon, straightaway (2) interrupted: soon, after a while (3) repetitive: next time, on another occasion (4) specific: next day, an hour later, that morning (5) durative: meanwhile, all that time (6) terminal: until then, up to that moment (7) punctiliar: at this moment C) Simple internal (1) following: next, secondly (2) simultaneous: at this point, here, now (3) proceeding: hitherto, up to now (4) conclusive: lastly, last of all, finally ii) Manner a) Comparison (1) Positive: likewise, similarly (2) Negative: in a different way b) Means: thus, thereby, by such means iii) Causal-conditional a) General: so, then, therefore, consequently, hence, because of that, for b) Specific: (1) result: in consequence, as a result (2) reason: on account of this, for that reason (3) purpose: for that purpose, with this in view (4) conditional: positive: then, in that case, in that event, under the circumstances (5) conditional: negative: otherwise, if not (6) concessive: yet, still, though, despite this, however, even so, all the same, nevertheless iv) Matter a) positive: here, there, as to that, in that respect b) negative: in other respects, elsewhere 9.3.3 The system of conjunction instantiated in text A. Explicit conjunction “Heat is only the motion of the atoms I told you about