Chapter 10 Endocrinology Teachering Hours 7 hours Intensive Teaching:Mechanisms of hormonal action and regulation of hormonal secretion;Functions of hypothalamus and pituitary hormones,thyroid hormone, insulin.adrenal medulla and cortex hormones,sex hormones. Nodi for student:1.Mechanisms of hormonal action and regulation of hormonal secretion 2.Structure ofhypothalamus and pituitary 3.Function of neurohypophysis,adenohypophysial and hypothalamus hormones Seaction1 Introduction 1.Endocrine system The endocrine system can be defined as the endocrine glands and cells of the body. It is one of the two coordinating and integrating systems of the body,which acts through chemical messengers (hormones)carried in the circulation and is involved in many functions,such as maintenance of the internal environment,control of the storage and utilization of energy enviroment,regulation of growth,development and reproduction,and the body's responses to environmental stimuli. 2.Hormone A hormone is a chemical produced by endocrine glands or endocrine cells in a small amount that is released into the blood stream to act on cells in a distant tissue. Classifition:(1)nitrogenous hormones(2)steroid (3)fatty acid derivatives
Chapter 10 Endocrinology Teachering Hours ：7 hours Intensive Teaching：Mechanisms of hormonal action and regulation of hormonal secretion; Functions of hypothalamus and pituitary hormones, thyroid hormone, insulin, adrenal medulla and cortex hormones,sex hormones. Nodi for student：1. Mechanisms of hormonal action and regulation of hormonal secretion 2. Structure of hypothalamus and pituitary 3. Function of neurohypophysis, adenohypophysial and hypothalamus hormones Seaction1 Introduction 1. Endocrine system The endocrine system can be defined as the endocrine glands and cells of the body. It is one of the two coordinating and integrating systems of the body, which acts through chemical messengers (hormones) carried in the circulation and is involved in many functions, such as maintenance of the internal environment, control of the storage and utilization of energy enviroment, regulation of growth, development and reproduction, and the body’s responses to environmental stimuli. 2. Hormone A hormone is a chemical produced by endocrine glands or endocrine cells in a small amount that is released into the blood stream to act on cells in a distant tissue. Classifition: (1) nitrogenous hormones(2) steroid (3) fatty acid derivatives
3.The common characteristics of action of hormone (1)Effect of message transmission to regulate the physiological and biochemical responses (2)Relative specificity ofhormone effect (3)Stronger biological amplification ofhormones (4)Interaction between hormones:1 Cooperation 2 Antagonism3 Permissive action 4.Mechanisms of hormonalaction 4.1 nitrogenous hormones:Second messenger hypothesis DHormone combines with specific receptor on surface of cell membrane and forms a hormone-receptor complex. 2The hormone-receptor complex activates thethe adenyl cyclase(AC)in the membrane. 3ATP is conversed into cAMP with the catalysis ofAC As the second messenger,cAMPactivates protein kinase 5 activated protein kinase initiates a series of physiological responses. 4.2 steroids:the gene expression hypothesis Dsteroid hormone enters cell as a lipid soluble hormone and combines with specific cytosol receptor to form steroid-receptor complex. 2This steroid-receptor complex passes into the nucleus to combine with DNA,and activates the formation ofmRNA. 3The mRNA diffuses into the cytoplasm where it promotes the translation process
3. The common characteristics of action of hormone (1) Effect of message transmission to regulate the physiological and biochemical responses (2) Relative specificity of hormone effect (3) Stronger biological amplification of hormones (4) Interaction between hormones: ① Cooperation ② Antagonism③ Permissive action 4. Mechanisms of hormonal action 4.1 nitrogenous hormones: Second messenger hypothesis ①Hormone combines with specific receptor on surface of cell membrane and forms a hormone-receptor complex. ②The hormone-receptor complex activates the the adenyl cyclase(AC) in the membrane. ③ATP is conversed into cAMP with the catalysis of AC ④As the second messenger,cAMP activates protein kinase ⑤ activated protein kinase initiates a series of physiological responses. 4.2 steroids: the gene expression hypothesis ①steroid hormone enters cell as a lipid soluble hormone and combines with specific cytosol receptor to form steroid-receptor complex. ②This steroid-receptor complex passes into the nucleus to combine with DNA,and activates the formation of mRNA. ③The mRNA diffuses into the cytoplasm where it promotes the translation process
at the ribosomes to form new proteins.Induce physiological effect. 5.Control ofhormone secretion (1)Nervous regulation:control of nervous system to endocrine system;effect of environment on endocrine system (2)Hormonal regulation:feedback control of hormone secretion by metabolic products; Feedback control ofhormone secretion by hormone. Seaction2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary 1.Relations of hypothalamus and pituitary in structure and function 2.Functions of neurohypophysis hormones (1)ADH(or vasopressin):i)increase reabsorption ofH2O in kidney. ii)Induce constriction of vascular smooth muscle;increase blood press (2)OXT:pormoting constrictionofuterus 3.Hypothalamic hormnes (1)CRH:stimulates secretionofACTH (2)TRH:stimulates secretion ofTSH (3)GnRH:stimulates secretion ofLH and FSH (4)GHRH:stimulates secretion ofGH (5)GHRIH:inhibits secretionofGH (6)PRH,PIH,MRF.MIF 4.Adenohypophysial hormones
at the ribosomes to form new proteins. Induce physiological effect. 5.Control of hormone secretion (1) Nervous regulation: control of nervous system to endocrine system; effect of environment on endocrine system (2)Hormonal regulation: feedback control of hormone secretion by metabolic products; Feedback control of hormone secretion by hormone. Seaction2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary 1. Relations of hypothalamus and pituitary in structure and function 2. Functions of neurohypophysis hormones (1)ADH (or vasopressin): i) increase reabsorption of H2O in kidney. ii) Induce constriction of vascular smooth muscle; increase blood press (2)OXT: pormoting constriction of uterus 3. Hypothalamic hormnes (1)CRH: stimulates secretion of ACTH (2)TRH: stimulates secretion of TSH (3)GnRH: stimulates secretion of LH and FSH (4)GHRH: stimulates secretion of GH (5)GHRIH: inhibits secretion of GH (6)PRH, PIH, MRF, MIF 4. Adenohypophysial hormones
(1)FSHand LH FSH:i)stimulate development and growth of follicle and testis; ii)stimulates follicle secretion and gametogenesis LH:i)stimulates follicle maturity and ovulation; ii)induce corpus luteum formation and secretes progesterone; iii)stimulates development of leydigs cells of testis and promotes secretion of androgen (2)PRL:regulates breast growth and milk synthesis;Permissive for certain reproductive function (3)ACTH:stimulatesadrenal steroids secretion (4)TSH:stimulates thyroid hormones secretion;regulates thyroid gland (5)GH:i)promotetissue growth ii)effect on metabolism:increase protein deposition,increase fat utilization, decrease carbohydrate utilization,increase blood glucose. 5.Regulation of adenohypophysial hormones secretion (1)Hypothalamic hormnes (2)feedback regulation Seaction3 Thyroid 1.Thyroid hormone (1)including thyroxin(T4),3,5,3 ,5 '-triiodothyronine(T3) (2)Synthesis and secretion ofthyroid hormones i)lodine is required for formation ofthyroxin
(1) FSH and LH FSH: i) stimulate development and growth of follicle and testis; ii) stimulates follicle secretion and gametogenesis LH: i) stimulates follicle maturity and ovulation; ii)induce corpus luteumformation and secretes progesterone; iii)stimulates development of leydigs cells of testis and promotes secretion of androgen (2)PRL: regulates breast growth and milk synthesis; Permissive for certain reproductive function (3)ACTH: stimulates adrenal steroids secretion (4)TSH:stimulates thyroid hormones secretion; regulates thyroid gland (5)GH: i) promote tissue growth ii) effect on metabolism: increase protein deposition, increase fat utilization, decrease carbohydrate utilization, increase blood glucose. 5. Regulation of adenohypophysial hormones secretion (1) Hypothalamic hormnes (2)feedback regulation Seaction3 Thyroid 1. Thyroid hormone (1) including thyroxin(T4),3,5,3‘,5‘-triiodothyronine(T3) (2) Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones i) Iodine is required for formation of thyroxin
2.Physicological functions of thyroid hormones (1)Effect of TH on metabolism 1increase the metabolic activities ofalmost all the tissue ofthe body 2 stimulation ofcarbohydrate:enhance glycolysis and enhance gluconeogenesis 3Effect on protein metabolism:Normal state:to activate synthesis ofproteins Increased secretion:to activate catabolismofproteins 4Stimulation of fat metabolism:Enhance all aspects of fact metabolism;mobilized lipids from fat tissue;decreased the fat stores ofbody (2)Effect of TH on growth D promote development ofnervoussystem 2Stimulates growth and development ofbones 3 maintain normal procreation (3)other effect of TH Having chronotropic and inotropic action on the heart 3.Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion (1)Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroidaxis Hypothalamus secretes thyrotrop in-releasing hormone (TRH)-pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH)-thyroid gland secretes T4 and T3- induce physiological functions (2)L2 (3)Effects ofother hormones on secretion ofTSH Estrin increase the response ofpituitary gland to TRH-TSH t
2. Physicological functions of thyroid hormones (1) Effect of TH on metabolism ① increase the metabolic activities of almost all the tissue of the body ② stimulation of carbohydrate: enhance glycolysis and enhance gluconeogenesis ③ Effect on protein metabolism:Normal state: to activate synthesis of proteins Increased secretion: to activate catabolismof proteins ④Stimulation of fat metabolism: Enhance all aspects of fact metabolism; mobilized lipids from fat tissue; decreased the fat stores of body (2) Effect of TH on growth ① promote development of nervous system ② Stimulates growth and development of bones. ③ maintain normal procreation (3)other effect of TH Having chronotropic and inotropic action on the heart 3. Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion (1) Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis Hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)→ pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) → thyroid gland secretes T4 and T3→ induce physiological functions (2)I2 (3) Effects of other hormones on secretion of TSH Estrin increase the response of pituitary gland to TRH→ TSH↑