LECTURE 28 THE MAKINGOS THE AMERICAn ConSTITUTIon Procedures Show the slides/pictures of the Statue of Liberty, the poem by Emma Lazarus, and the figures about the Statue -to illustrate the deep-rooted meaning of freedom and democracy in the country o The cartoon of Clinton Memorial Hall -an sound example of democracy, and freedom of speech that American people enjoy, so as to usher the research of the making of the Constitution which provides the freedom and democracy American people enjoy The slide(s)of Making of the Constitution The branches of government- an immediate example of the working of the constitution
LECTURE 2: THE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION Procedures: ⚫ Show the slides/pictures of the Statue of Liberty, the poem by Emma Lazarus, and the figures about the Statue – to illustrate the deep-rooted meaning of freedom and democracy in the country; ⚫ The cartoon of Clinton Memorial Hall – an sound example of democracy, and freedom of speech that American people enjoy, so as to usher the research of the making of the Constitution which provides the freedom and democracy American people enjoy; ⚫ The slide(s) of Making of the Constitution ⚫ The branches of government – an immediate example of the working of the Constitution;
People who influenced the ideology of American Founding Fathers Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679) State of Nature Law of Nature Other Laws of Nature servir draw language unlimited political power nature of human from/follow dutch to punish any violation of olitician Hugo grotius contracts(peace) lis unlimited political power destructive thing is the state, the government John Locke(1632-1704) Very radical, "unpopular of his time for some of his ideas, but now we have experienced and the time has proved his prophetic concepts 1. no person or family has been chosen by god to rule a country; 2. government should only operate with the consent of the people they are governing(peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in the consent of the people- historically reasoned) 3. governments are formed to protect the right to life to freedom 4. democracy: true democracy means the abil ity to remove a government without violence, to punish political failure or misjud gment by votes alone. The art of politics is the minimization of unhappiness, or avoidable suffering 5. once the law is humbled all else that is valuable in a civilized society will vanish,.. with terrifying speed Charles de Montesquieu(1689-1755) 1. declaring in favor of separating the executive, legislative and judicial power 2. toleration in religious belief, and freedom of worship; he believes religious belief has its advantages for civic life, far from a conflict between religion and society he insists the one is useful to the other; "something"he says" must be fixed and permanent, and religion is that something. He says the interests of religion and that of the state"should go hand in hand
People who influenced the ideology of American Founding Fathers Thomas Hobbes (1588~1679) Major points: State of Nature Law of Nature Other Laws of Nature self-serving draw language an unlimited political power nature of human from/follow Dutch to punish any violation of politician Hugo Grotius “contracts” (peace) human won’t do self- this unlimited political power destructive thing is the state, the government John Locke (1632~1704) Very radical, “unpopular” of his time for some of his ideas , but now we have experienced and the time has proved his prophetic concepts: 1. no person or family has been chosen by God to rule a country; 2. government should only operate with the consent of the people they are governing (peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in the consent of the people – historically reasoned); 3. governments are formed to protect the right to life to freedom to property 4. democracy: true democracy means the ability to remove a government without violence, to punish political failure or misjudgment by votes alone. The art of politics is the minimization of unhappiness, or avoidable suffering; 5. once the law is humbled, all else that is valuable in a civilized society will vanish, … with terrifying speed. Charles de Moutesquieu (1689~1755) 1. declaring in favor of separating the executive, legislative and judicial power; 2. toleration in religious belief, and freedom of worship; he believes religious belief has its advantages for civic life, far from a conflict between religion and society, he insists the one is useful to the other; “something” he says “must be fixed and permanent, and religion is that something.” He says the interests of religion and that of the state “should go hand in hand
Jean-Jacque Rosseau(1712-1778) 1. what is government: An intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign, to secure their mutual correspondence, charged with the execution of the laws and the maintenance of liberty, both civil and politica 2. a good government: . the government under which, without external aids, without naturalization or colonizing, the citizens increase and multiply most, is beyond question the best
Jean-Jacque Rosseau (1712~1778) 1. what is government: An intermediate body set up between the subjects and the Sovereign, to secure their mutual correspondence, charged with the execution of the laws and the maintenance of liberty, both civil and political; 2. a good government: … the government under which, without external aids, without naturalization or colonizing, the citizens increase and multiply most, is beyond question the best
FOUR IMPORTANT FIGURES among the Founding Fathers of America James Madison(1751-1836) 4th president, outlived all other found ing fathers, political sensibi lity and power of isual izing a democratic central government based on the ieas of philosophers and politicians of Europe. (He also helped in founding of University of Virginia) Alexander Hamilton(1755-1804) Governmental mechanism for managing the national economy($100 bill bearing his portrait and signature ) he served as the first financial Minister of the States, being credited for his prophetic vision of US as a global power Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826) 3rd president capturing the hearts of American people emotionally for his belief in the people, the individual ability of human kind to realize virtuous ideals. What is more, he penned the Declaration of Independence, and glorious figure in diplomatic arts (helped the found ing of University of Virginia) John Jay(1745-1829) First chief justice of America Jay Treaty helped avert war with Britain Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) worked for the draft of Declaration of Independence among other contributions in science politics, and education(helped to found the University of Pennsylvania George Washington(1732-1799) Ist president John Adams(1735-1826)
FOUR IMPORTANT FIGURES among the Founding Fathers of America James Madison (1751~1836) 4 th president, outlived all other founding fathers, political sensibility and power of visualizing a democratic central government based on the ideas of philosophers and politicians of Europe. (He also helped in founding of University of Virginia) Alexander Hamilton (1755~1804) Governmental mechanism for managing the national economy ($100 bill bearing his portrait and signature); he served as the first financial Minister of the States, being credited for his prophetic vision of US as a global power. Thomas Jefferson (1743~1826) 3 rd president capturing the hearts of American people emotionally for his belief in the people, the individual ability of human kind to realize virtuous ideals. What is more, he penned the Declaration of Independence, and glorious figure in diplomatic arts. (helped the founding of University of Virginia) John Jay (1745~1829) First chief justice of America Jay Treaty helped avert war with Britain. Benjamin Franklin (1706~1790) worked for the draft of Declaration of Independence among other contributions in science politics, and education (helped to found the University of Pennsylvania) George Washington (1732~1799) 1 st president John Adams (1735~1826) 2 nd president
Statue of Liberty History The Statue of Liberty National Monument officially celebrated her 100th birthday on October 28 1986. The people of france gave the Statue to the people of the United States over one hundred years ago in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution. Over the years, the Statue of liberty has grown to include freedom and democracy as well as this international friendship Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion, to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The Statue was a joint effort between America and france and it was agreed upon that the american people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly here in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise funds. In the United States, benefit theatricalevents art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such as colossal copper sculpture. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower)was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright Back in America, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (noted for the Pulitzer Prize)opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, "The World"to support the fund aising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds. Pulitzer's campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to de Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886. The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885 on board the French frigate"lsere"which transported the Statue of Liberty from France to the United States. In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months time. On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the Statue of Liberty took place in front of thousands of spectators. She was a co ial gift ten years late The story of the Statue of liberty and her island has been one of change. The Statue was placed pon a granite pedestal inside the courtyard of the star-shaped walls of Fort Wood(which had been completed for the War of 1812. )The United States Lighthouse Board had responsibility for the operation of the Statue of Liberty until 1901. After 1901, the care and operation of the Statue was placed under the War Department. A Presidential Proclamation declared Fort Wood(and the Statue of Liberty within it) a National Monument on October 15th, 1924 and the monument's boundary was set at the outer edge of Fort Wood. In 1933, the care and administration of the National Monument was transferred to the National Park Service. On September 8, 1937, jurisdiction was enlarged to encompass all of Bedloe's Island and in 1956, the island's
Statue of Liberty History The Statue of Liberty National Monument officially celebrated her 100th birthday on October 28, 1986. The people of France gave the Statue to the people of the United States over one hundred years ago in recognition of the friendship established during the American Revolution. Over the years, the Statue of Liberty has grown to include freedom and democracy as well as this international friendship. Sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion, to commemorate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence. The Statue was a joint effort between America and France and it was agreed upon that the American people were to build the pedestal, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly here in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise funds. In the United States, benefit theatricalevents, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such as colossal copper sculpture. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Back in America, fund raising for the pedestal was going particularly slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (noted for the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, "The World" to support the fund raising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich who had failed to finance the pedestal construction and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds. Pulitzer's campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate. Financing for the pedestal was completed in August 1885, and pedestal construction was finished in April of 1886. The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor in June of 1885 on board the French frigate "Isere" which transported the Statue of Liberty from France to the United States. In transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months time. On October 28th 1886, the dedication of the Statue of Liberty took place in front of thousands of spectators. She was a centennial gift ten years late. The story of the Statue of Liberty and her island has been one of change. The Statue was placed upon a granite pedestal inside the courtyard of the star-shaped walls of Fort Wood (which had been completed for the War of 1812.) The United States Lighthouse Board had responsibility for the operation of the Statue of Liberty until 1901. After 1901, the care and operation of the Statue was placed under the War Department. A Presidential Proclamation declared Fort Wood (and the Statue of Liberty within it) a National Monument on October 15th, 1924 and the monument's boundary was set at the outer edge of Fort Wood. In 1933, the care and administration of the National Monument was transferred to the National Park Service. On September 8, 1937, jurisdiction was enlarged to encompass all of Bedloe's Island and in 1956, the island's name was