Phrase Structure Trees Who climbs the Grammar-tree distinctly knows Where Noun and Verbs and Participles grows Jphn Dryden, The Sixth Satyr of Juvenal A tree diagram with syntactic category information provided is called a phrase structure tree/constituent structure tree. This tree shows that a s is both a linear string of words and a hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrases Three aspects of speakers' syntactic K of sentence structure are disclosed in phase structure trees The linear order of the words in the s The grouping of words into particular syntactic categories The hierarchical structure of the syntactic categories
Phrase Structure Trees ◼ Who climbs the Grammar-tree distinctly knows Where Noun and Verbs and Participles grows. ◼ Jphn Dryden, “ The Sixth Satyr of Juvenal ◼ A tree diagram with syntactic category information provided is called a phrase structure tree/constituent structure tree. This tree shows that a S is both a linear string of words and a hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrases. ◼ Three aspects of speakers’ syntactic K of sentence structure are disclosed in phase structure trees. ◼ The linear order of the words in the S. ◼ The grouping of words into particular syntactic categories. ◼ The hierarchical structure of the syntactic categories
The lexicon Subcategorization: A transitive verb must be followed by a NP, its direct object. This specification is called subcategorization and is also included in the lexical entry of each word Most words in the lexicon are subcategorized for certain context "The boy found quickly. Disa slept the baby John put the milk Puppy loves warm milk A puppies love warm milk
The Lexicon ◼ Subcategorization: A transitive verb must be followed by a NP, its direct object. This specification is called subcategorization and is also included in the lexical entry of each word. ◼ Most words in the lexicon are subcategorized for certain context. ◼ *The boy found quickly. ◼ *Disa slept the baby. ◼ *John put the milk. ◼ *Puppy loves warm milk ◼ *A puppies love warm milk
Subcategorization within the np affects individual nouns. Belief is subcategorized for both a PP or an S: The belief in freedom of speech The belief that freedom of speech is a basic right a Their sympathy for the victims their sympathy that the victims are so poor Put, V----NP PP ■Find.V--NP Sleep,∨ Belief, N,----(PP),----(S) Sympathy, N, (PP)
◼ Subcategorization within the NP affects individual nouns. Belief is subcategorized for both a PP or an S: ◼ The belief in freedom of speech ◼ The belief that freedom of speech is a basic right. ◼ Their sympathy for the victims ◼ *their sympathy that the victims are so poor. ◼ Put, V, ----NP PP ◼ Find, V ----NP ◼ Sleep, V ---- ◼ Belief, N, ----(PP), ----(S) ◼ Sympathy, N, (PP)
More lexical differences a Different words engender different syntactic behavior, and this aspect of speaker knowledge is represented in the lexicon The conductor wanted the passengers to leave a The conductor forced the passengers to leave The conductor wanted to leave *the conductor forced to leave Try exhibits a 3ra pattern differing from both want and force in that it is never followed directly by an NP The conductor tried him to leave The conductor tried to leave
More Lexical Differences ◼ Different words engender different syntactic behavior, and this aspect of speaker knowledge is represented in the lexicon. ◼ The conductor wanted the passengers to leave. ◼ The conductor forced the passengers to leave. ◼ The conductor wanted to leave. ◼ *the conductor forced to leave. ◼ Try exhibits a 3rd pattern differing from both want and force in that it is never followed directly by an NP. ◼ * The conductor tried him to leave. ◼ The conductor tried to leave
Transformational rules Surface structure: The structures of s that we actually speak -to which the rules of phonology are applied John is eager to please a John is easy to please Do you like my wife? Ti piace mia moglie? Does my wife please you? a How lyketh thee my wyf and her beautee? Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Deep structure: it is essential to get below the surface realizations to the underlying principles The basic S of the L, whose phrase structure trees are deep structures, are specified by the phrase structure rules. Variants on those basic sentence structures are derived via transformation
Transformational Rules ◼ Surface structure: The structures of S that we actually speak – to which the rules of phonology are applied. ◼ John is eager to please. ◼ John is easy to please. ◼ Do you like my wife? ◼ Ti piace mia moglie? Does my wife please you? ◼ How lyketh thee my wyf and her beautee? ◼ Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales ◼ Deep structure: it is essential to get below the surface realizations to the underlying principles. ◼ The basic S of the L, whose phrase structure trees are deep structures, are specified by the phrase structure rules. Variants on those basic sentence structures are derived via transformation