内分泌系统疾病 总论 Introduction to Endocrinology and Metabolic diseases 复旦大学附属中山医院内分泌科高鑫
1 内分泌系统疾病 总 论 Introduction to Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases 复旦大学附属中山医院内分泌科 高鑫
History and development of Endocrinology (1) Roughly a hundred years ago, Starling coined the term hormone to describe secretin. a substance secreted by the small intestine into the blood stream to stimulate pancreatic secretion. n his Croonian Lectures, Starling considered the endo crine and nervous systems as two distinct mechanisms for coordination and control of organ function Thus, endocrinology found its first home in the discipline of mammalian physiology
2 History and development of Endocrinology (1) Roughly a hundred years ago, Starling coined the term hormone to describe secretin, a substance secreted by the small intestine into the blood stream to stimulate pancreatic secretion. In his Croonian Lectures, Starling considered the endocrine and nervous systems as two distinct mechanisms for coordination and control of organ function. Thus, endocrinology found its first home in the discipline of mammalian physiology
History and development of Endocrinology(2) Work over the next several decades by biochemists physiologists, and clinical investigators led to the characterization of many hormones secreted into the blood stream from discrete glands or other organs These investigators showed for the first time that diseases such as hypothyroidism and diabetes could be treated successfully by replacing specific hormones These initial triumphs formed the foundation of the clinical specialty of endocrinology
3 Work over the next several decades by biochemists, physiologists, and clinical investigators led to the characterization of many hormones secreted into the blood stream from discrete glands or other organs. These investigators showed for the first time that diseases such as hypothyroidism and diabetes could be treated successfully by replacing specific hormones. These initial triumphs formed the foundation of the clinical specialty of endocrinology. History and development of Endocrinology (2)
History and development of Endocrinology(2) Advances in cell biology, molecular biology, and genetics over the ensuing years began to help explain the mechanisms of endocrine diseases and of hormone secretion and action Although these advances have embedded endocrinology into the framework of molecular cell biology, they have not changed the essential subject of endocrinology the signaling that coordinates and controls the functions of multiple organs and processes
4 Advances in cell biology, molecular biology, and genetics over the ensuing years began to help explain the mechanisms of endocrine diseases and of hormone secretion and action. Although these advances have embedded endocrinology into the framework of molecular cell biology, they have not changed the essential subject of endocrinology _____the signaling that coordinates and controls the functions of multiple organs and processes. History and development of Endocrinology (2)
ENDOCRINE GLANDS Hormone formation may occur either in localized collections of specific cells, in the endocrine glands or in cells that have additional roles Many protein hormones: growth hormone? parathyroid hormone? prolactin? insulin? glucagon 1? Leptin? Formation of small hormone molecules initiates with commonly found Precursors: Such as: adrenals, gonads, or thyroid In the case of the steroid hormones, the precursor is cholesterol which is modified by various hydroxylations, methylations, and demethylation to form the glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens In contrast, the precursor of vitamin D, 7-dehydrocholesterol Is produced in ski in keratinocytes, again from cholesterol y a photochemical reaction
5 Hormone formation may occur either in localized collections of specific cells, in the endocrine glands, or in cells that have additional roles. Many protein hormones: growth hormone? parathyroid hormone? prolactin? insulin? glucagon? Leptin? Formation of small hormone molecules initiates with commonly found Precursors: Such as: adrenals, gonads, or thyroid. In the case of the steroid hormones, the precursor is cholesterol, which is modified by various hydroxylations, methylations, and demethylations to form the glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. In contrast, the precursor of vitamin D, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is produced in skin keratinocytes, again from cholesterol, by a photochemical reaction. ENDOCRINE GLANDS