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■■■口 UNIT ntroduction to extended writing and research mmmm 47 In this unit you will: become more aware of what extended writing involves find out about a writing project
1 Introduction to extended writing and research UNIT 1 In this unit you will: 1 become more aware of what extended writing involves 2 find out about a writing project U1-U8.indd 1 15-4-29 下午4:16
Introduction INPUT EXTENDED WRITING AT UNIVERSITY Students at universities usually have to produce a specific type of written assignment, on which they are assessed,and this normally differs according to the requirements of their academic department.The type of writing that students have to produce als depends on the level of study:undergraduate,postgraduate or doctoral(PhD). The reasons why students carry out extended academic writing activities may include the following: to develop and express their ideas to provide evidence to support their ideas to show they can dispute or support existing theories(this involves demonstrating their critical thinking ability) to demonstrate knowledge,based on their extensive reading,lectures and seminars The type of writing required is determined by the purpose of the writing. Φ Critical thinking This is an important feature of academic study.Imagine,for example,that you have borrowed a book fr rary tha to be day,but the contains impo rtant information yo ou need about what information in the book would be useful,so you can quickly take appropriate notes or photocopies,i.e.,use your critical thinking skills.Understanding what is relevant is one example of the ability to think critically.Another example is recognizing the writer's purpose,or reason,for writing a text,e.g.,whether it is to inform,persuade,refute or support aviewpoint. 1.1 List at least three examples of issues you might need to think about critically when you are studying. 2学术研究与论文写作 159下午e6
2 学术英语听力 Introduction INPUT EXTENDED WRITING AT UNIVERSITY Students at universities usually have to produce a specific type of written assignment, on which they are assessed, and this normally differs according to the requirements of their academic department. The type of writing that students have to produce also depends on the level of study: undergraduate, postgraduate or doctoral (PhD). The reasons why students carry out extended academic writing activities may include the following: to develop and express their ideas to provide evidence to support their ideas to show they can dispute or support existing theories (this involves demonstrating their critical thinking ability) to demonstrate knowledge, based on their extensive reading, lectures and seminars The type of writing required is determined by the purpose of the writing. Task 1 Critical thinking This is an important feature of academic study. Imagine, for example, that you have borrowed a book from a university library that has to be returned the following day, but the book contains important information you need for an essay. You will have to think “critically” about what information in the book would be useful, so you can quickly take appropriate notes or photocopies, i.e., use your critical thinking skills. Understanding what is relevant is one example of the ability to think critically. Another example is recognizing the writer’s purpose, or reason, for writing a text, e.g., whether it is to inform, persuade, refute or support a viewpoint. 1.1 List at least three examples of issues you might need to think about critically when you are studying. 1. recognizing relevant information 2. identifying the writer’s purpose 3. 4. 5. Task 2 Thinking about what students in higher education write 2.1 Work with a partner. Brainstorm the kinds of writing students have to do in higher education. Brainstorming involves writing down as many ideas as you can about the topic. You are going to do this very quickly, within a time limit, so don’t be concerned about how you write, the accuracy of your grammar or spelling, or the order of ideas. One idea has been provided for you as an example. extended essays or projects 2.2 Now read the explanations of the types of writing expected of students in higher education. Compare them with your own ideas. Undergraduate students as well as postgraduate students are frequently required to write extended essays. A typical length for an extended essay is 2,500–3,000 words. We sometimes refer to these extended essays as projects. 2 学 术 研究与论文写作 U1-U8.indd 2 15-4-29 下午4:16
1.recognizing relevant information 2.identifying the writer's purpose 3. 4 5. Thinking about what students in higher education write 2.1 Work with a partner.Brainstorm the kinds of writing students have to do in higher education. Brainstorming involves writing down as many ideas as you can about the topic.You are going to do this very quickly,within a time limit,so don't be concerned about how you write,the accuracy of your grammar or spelling, or the order of ideas.One idea has been provided for you as an example. extended essays or projects 2.2 Now read the explanations of the types of writing expected of students in higher education.Compare them with your own ideas. Undergraduate students as well as postgraduate students are frequently required to write extended essays.A typical length for an extended essay is,00-3,000 words.We sometimes refer to these extended essays as projects. Unit 1 Introduction to extended writing and research
1. recognizing relevant information 2. identifying the writer’s purpose 3. 4. 5. Task 2 Thinking about what students in higher education write 2.1 Work with a partner. Brainstorm the kinds of writing students have to do in higher education. Brainstorming involves writing down as many ideas as you can about the topic. You are going to do this very quickly, within a time limit, so don’t be concerned about how you write, the accuracy of your grammar or spelling, or the order of ideas. One idea has been provided for you as an example. extended essays or projects 2.2 Now read the explanations of the types of writing expected of students in higher education. Compare them with your own ideas. Undergraduate students as well as postgraduate students are frequently required to write extended essays. A typical length for an extended essay is 2,500–3,000 words. We sometimes refer to these extended essays as projects. Unit 1 Introduction to extended writing and research 3 U1-U8.indd 3 15-4-29 下午4:16
■■ Towards the end of their period of study,most students will be expected to write either a thesis or a dissertation.Collins COBUILD Advanced Learners English Dictionary defines a dissertation as"a long piece of writing based on the writer's own ideas and research as part of a university degree.especially a higher degree such as a phD".In the United Kingdom and Ireland,a dissertation is often written for a masters level degree. According to the University College London website,a thesis is: the acquisition and dissemination of new knowledge.In order to demonstrate this.the author must demonstrate an understanding of what the relevant state of the art is and what are the strengths and weaknesses of this situation.For someone's work to be knowledge there must be a demonstration that suitable and systematic methods were used to evaluate the chosen hypothesis. Not all students are required to write traditional-style essays.For example in the engineering department of a university,students will often be expected to write reports on projects they have been working on during their course. In certain academic disciplines,such as applied linguistics,education or sociology,students may be required to write a case study.A good example of a case study might be the"study of speech,writing or language use of one person,either at one point in time or over a period of time,e.g.,a child over a period of one vear"(Richards,Platt Weber.1985.p.36).A student inan applied linguistics department would probably write a case study like this. Students also have to write notes from written sources,or when attending a lecture,seminar or tutorial.Some students annotate lecture handouts, either by highlighting key points or by writing notes/comments in the margins of the text,which may be useful later. uclacuk/staff/cclack/phd html 3kognog 2.3 Discuss with another student what types of writing you expect to do on your university course in the future. 4学术研究与论文写作 1549下午e6
Towards the end of their period of study, most students will be expected to write either a thesis or a dissertation. Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary defines a dissertation as “a long piece of writing based on the writer’s own ideas and research as part of a university degree, especially a higher degree such as a PhD”1 . In the United Kingdom and Ireland, a dissertation is often written for a master’slevel degree. According to the University College London website, a thesis is: the acquisition and dissemination of new knowledge. In order to demonstrate this, the author must demonstrate an understanding of what the relevant state of the art is and what are the strengths and weaknesses of this situation. For someone’s work to be knowledge, there must be a demonstration that suitable and systematic methods were used to evaluate the chosen hypothesis.2 Not all students are required to write traditional-style essays. For example, in the engineering department of a university, students will often be expected to write reports on projects they have been working on during their course. In certain academic disciplines, such as applied linguistics, education or sociology, students may be required to write a case study. A good example of a case study might be the “study of speech, writing, or language use of one person, either at one point in time or over a period of time, e.g., a child over a period of one year” (Richards, Platt & Weber, 1985, p. 36)3 . A student in an applied linguistics department would probably write a case study like this. Students also have to write notes from written sources, or when attending a lecture, seminar or tutorial. Some students annotate lecture handouts, either by highlighting key points or by writing notes/comments in the margins of the text, which may be useful later. 1 COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. (2006). Glasgow: Harper Collins. 2 Clack, C. (Ed.) (1997). PhD Thesis Structure and Content. Retrieved June 13, 2011, from http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/c.clack/phd.html 3 Richards, J., Platt, J., & Weber, H. (1985). Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics (p. 36). Harlow, Essex, England: Longman. 2.3 Discuss with another student what types of writing you expect to do on your university course in the future. Task 3 Types of writing 3.1 Complete the table below to clarify your understanding of different types of writing. Type of writing Level of student (undergraduate/ postgraduate/doctoral) Explanation essay for examination traditional 600–1,000-word text written during an exam lab report field study report undergraduate/ postgraduate/doctoral PowerPoint slide wiki a wiki is a collaborative website which can be directly edited by anyone with access to it blog extended essay/ project written work submitted as part of the course requirement during term time – typically a piece of work 600–6,000 words long thesis dissertation report case study notes annotations Writing as a standard process Whatever form of extended writing students are expected to do, the process will usually involve the following steps: gathering information from various sources organizing this information so that it fully addresses the requirements of the writing task 4 学 术 研究与论文写作 U1-U8.indd 4 15-4-29 下午4:16