Chapter 8The Internet The word Internet is derived from the word internetwork or the connecting together of two or more computer networks The World wide web, or web for short, is one of the Internet's most popular services, providing access to over one billion Web pages, which are documents created in a programming language called HTML and which can contain text, graphics, audio, video, and other objects, as well as"hyperlinks " that permit a user to jump easily from one page to another. 因特网( terne)一词起源于互联网络 (internetwork)或两个或更 多的计算机网络联接在一起。全球信息网,或简称万维网,是因特 网上最流行的服务之一,提供对10亿多网页的访问,这些网页是 由一种叫做HTML(超文本链接标示语言)编程语言生成的文件, 它可以包含本文、图形、声频、视频和其他对象、以及允许用户 容易地跳跃到其他网页的“超链接”。 8-6
Chapter 8 The Internet 计算机专业英语 8-6 The word Internet is derived from the word internetwork or the connecting together of two or more computer networks. The World Wide Web, or Web for short, is one of the Internet’s most popular services, providing access to over one billion Web pages, which are documents created in a programming language called HTML and which can contain text, graphics, audio, video, and other objects, as well as “hyperlinks” that permit a user to jump easily from one page to another. 因特网(Internet)一词起源于互联网络(internetwork)或两个或更 多的计算机网络联接在一起。全球信息网,或简称万维网,是因特 网上最流行的服务之一,提供对10亿多网页的访问，这些网页是 由一种叫做HTML(超文本链接标示语言)编程语言生成的文件， 它可以包含本文、图形、声频、视频和其他对象、以及允许用户 容易地跳跃到其他网页的“超链接”
Chapter 8The Internet 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961-2000 Internet I--today's Internet--has evolved over the last forty years. In this sense, the Internet is not"new; it did not happen yesterday. Although journalists and pundits talk glibly about"Internettime-suggesting a fast- paced, nearly instant, worldwide global change mechanism, in fact, it has taken forty years of hard work to arrive at today's Internet 因特网|—今天的因特网——已经发展了四十多年。在这个意义上,因特网不是 “新的”,它不是昨天才发生的事。虽然新闻记者和博学家口若悬河地谈论“因特 网”时代—指一种快步调的、几乎即时的、全球性的变化机制,事实上,因特网 达到今天的水平花费了四十年的艰苦努力。 8-7
Chapter 8 The Internet 计算机专业英语 8-7 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961–2000 Internet I—today’s Internet—has evolved over the last forty years. In this sense, the Internet is not “new”; it did not happen yesterday. Although journalists and pundits talk glibly about “Internet” time—suggesting a fast- paced, nearly instant, worldwide global change mechanism, in fact, it has taken forty years of hard work to arrive at today’s Internet. 因特网I——今天的因特网——已经发展了四十多年。在这个意义上，因特网不是 “新的” ,它不是昨天才发生的事。虽然新闻记者和博学家口若悬河地谈论“因特 网”时代——指一种快步调的、几乎即时的、全球性的变化机制，事实上，因特网 达到今天的水平花费了四十年的艰苦努力
Chapter 8The Internet 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961-2000 The history of the Internet can be segmented into three phases. In the first phase, the Innovation Phase, from 1961 to 1974, the fundamental building blocks of the Internet were conceptualized and then realized in actual hardware and software. The basic building blocks are: packet-switching hardware, client/server computing, and a communications protocol called TCP/P(all described more fully below). The original purpose of the Internet, when it was conceived in the late 1960s, was to link together large mainframe computers on college campuses. This kind of one-to-one communication between campuses was previously only possible through the telephone system or postal mail 因特网的历史可以划分为三个阶段。在第一阶段即发明阶段,从1961年到 1974年,因特网的基本构建模块被概念化并随之用真正的硬件和软件实现。 其基本的构建模块是:分组交换硬件、客户机/服务器计算技术和一个被称 为传输控制协议的通信协议(它们都将在后文进行全面描述)。当在20世纪 60年代末期构思的时候,因特网最初的目的是将大学校园内的大型计算机 联结起来。在校园之间这种一对一的通信先前只有经过电话系统或邮政邮 件才可能进行
Chapter 8 The Internet 计算机专业英语 8-8 The history of the Internet can be segmented into three phases. In the first phase, the Innovation Phase, from 1961 to 1974, the fundamental building blocks of the Internet were conceptualized and then realized in actual hardware and software. The basic building blocks are: packet-switching hardware, client/server computing, and a communications protocol called TCP/IP (all described more fully below). The original purpose of the Internet, when it was conceived in the late 1960s, was to link together large mainframe computers on college campuses. This kind of one-to-one communication between campuses was previously only possible through the telephone system or postal mail. 因特网的历史可以划分为三个阶段。在第一阶段即发明阶段，从1961年到 1974年，因特网的基本构建模块被概念化并随之用真正的硬件和软件实现。 其基本的构建模块是:分组交换硬件、客户机/服务器计算技术和一个被称 为传输控制协议的通信协议(它们都将在后文进行全面描述)。当在20世纪 60年代末期构思的时候，因特网最初的目的是将大学校园内的大型计算机 联结起来。在校园之间这种一对一的通信先前只有经过电话系统或邮政邮 件才可能进行。 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961–2000
Chapter 8The Internet 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961-2000 In the second phase, the Institutional Phase, from 1975 to 1995, large institutions such as the Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation provided funding and legitimization for the fledging invention called the Internet. Once the concept of the Internet had been proven in several government-supported demonstration projects, the Department of Defense contributed a million dollars to develop the concepts and demonstration projects into a robust military communications system that could withstand nuclear war. This effort created what was then called ARPANET(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). In 1986, the National Science Foundation assumed responsibility for the development of a civilian Internet ( then called NSFNet) and began a ten-year-long $200 million expansion program 在第二阶段即机构化阶段从1975年到1995年,像国防部和国家科学基金委等一些 大机构为这项被称为因特网的刚刚起步的发明提供资金并使其合法化。当因特网的 概念在一些政府支持的示范性项目中被证实后,国防部提供了一百万美元资金将这 个概念和示范性项目发展成为一个可以承受核战的军事通信系统。这个努力产生了 以后被称作 ARPANET的东西(高级研究计划局建立的计算机网)。在1986年,国家 科学基金委承担了建立民用因特网的任务(那时叫做 NSFNet),并且开始了为期十 年、耗资2亿美元的扩展计划。 开算机专业英语 8-9
Chapter 8 The Internet 计算机专业英语 8-9 In the second phase, the Institutional Phase, from 1975 to 1995, large institutions such as the Department of Defense and the National Science Foundation provided funding and legitimization for the fledging invention called the Internet. Once the concept of the Internet had been proven in several government-supported demonstration projects, the Department of Defense contributed a million dollars to develop the concepts and demonstration projects into a robust military communications system that could withstand nuclear war. This effort created what was then called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). In 1986, the National Science Foundation assumed responsibility for the development of a civilian Internet (then called NSFNet) and began a ten-year-long $200 million expansion program. 在第二阶段即机构化阶段,从1975年到1995年，像国防部和国家科学基金委等一些 大机构为这项被称为因特网的刚刚起步的发明提供资金并使其合法化。当因特网的 概念在一些政府支持的示范性项目中被证实后，国防部提供了一百万美元资金将这 个概念和示范性项目发展成为一个可以承受核战的军事通信系统。这个努力产生了 以后被称作ARPANET的东西(高级研究计划局建立的计算机网)。在1986年，国家 科学基金委承担了建立民用因特网的任务(那时叫做NSFNet)，并且开始了为期十 年、耗资2亿美元的扩展计划。 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961–2000
chapter 8 The Internete 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961-2000 In the third phase, the Commercialization Phase, from 1995-2001, government agencies encouraged private corporations to take over and expand both the Internet backbone and local service to ordinary citizens-families and individuals across america and the world who were not students on campuses. By 2000, the Internet's use had expanded well beyond military installations and research universities 在第三阶段即商业化阶段,从1995年至2001年,政府机构鼓励 私营公司接管并扩展因特网主干和接管为普通市民提供的地方 性服务,普通市民包括在全美国和全世界的家庭以及非在校学 生等个体。到2000年,因特网的应用已大大超出了军事设备 和大学研究的范围。 8-10
Chapter 8 The Internet 计算机专业英语 8-10 In the third phase, the Commercialization Phase, from 1995–2001, government agencies encouraged private corporations to take over and expand both the Internet backbone and local service to ordinary citizens—families and individuals across America and the world who were not students on campuses. By 2000, the Internet’s use had expanded well beyond military installations and research universities. 在第三阶段即商业化阶段,从1995年至2001年，政府机构鼓励 私营公司接管并扩展因特网主干和接管为普通市民提供的地方 性服务，普通市民包括在全美国和全世界的家庭以及非在校学 生等个体。到2000年，因特网的应用已大大超出了军事设备 和大学研究的范围。 8.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET 1961–2000